It means an adverb. What are adverbs in the Russian language, their formation and role in a sentence. Adverbs are explanatory words

Adverb– an independent unchangeable part of speech that denotes a sign of action (breathesmooth, speak in English), sign ( Very Beautiful, incrediblehigh), sometimes an object (eggsoft-boiled, window wide open).

Syntax function

As part of a sentence, an adverb most often plays the role of circumstances (Boring stay at home). Somewhat less often it can be part of a compound nominal predicate (You'll have to go home on foot).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs

Unlike other significant parts of speech, most adverbs do not change in any way. And only qualitative adverbs, i.e. those formed from qualitative adjectives and ending in -o and -a, have degrees of comparison. They are formed according to the same rules as degrees of comparison of adjectives:

often - more often - most often;

hot - hotter - hottest.

Such adverbs create certain difficulties when studying the grammar of the Russian language, since they are homonymous with adjectives in the form of the comparative degree, and sometimes they can be difficult to distinguish.

When determining the part of speech, in this case, you should pay attention to the function that the desired word performs in a phrase or sentence.

Everest higher than Elbrus. – adjective.

Planes fly higher than birds. – adverb.

Classification

Adverbs are divided into 2 classes according to what they do in a sentence functions:

- significant– those who name the sign ( loud, unbearable);

- pronominal– those that only indicate a sign, but do not name it ( then where). Adverbs of this type, in turn, have the same classification as pronouns: demonstrative ( there, from there); interrogative ( why, when, how), interrogative-relative ( everywhere, at all) etc.

Adverbs are also divided into groups depending on their values:

- course of action or quality– answer the questions: how? how? ( fun, slowly);

- measures and degrees or quantitative– how much? to what extent? ( twice, completely, barely);

- places- Where? Where? where? ( nearby, left, upstairs);

- time- When? How long? ( early, in the fall, at first);

- goals- For what? For what? ( necessary, on purpose);

- reasons- Why? why? ( in a hurry, foolishly).

Some adverbs can play the role of a predicate in impersonal sentences. Some researchers classify them as a special class - predicative adverbs.(In the mountains Cold. She was sad.)

Spelling features

Another distinctive feature of adverbs is that they are formed as a result of a transition from one part of speech to another, and often from a whole frozen phrase of a noun, adjective or pronoun in some form with a preposition or particle ( towards, in my opinion, in an embrace, scattered). It is this unusual origin of adverbs from a combination of words that creates difficulties in determining the spelling: together, separately or with a hyphen.

Despite the fact that certain rules have developed in the language (for example, adverbs formed from an adjective with a preposition are written together ( scattered), and those formed with the help of particles are separated by a hyphen ( somehow)), there are many exceptions, that is, words whose spelling is determined not by rules, but by tradition ( in the open, exactly etc.)

Adverbs are an important part of the Russian language. They make our speech more precise, more expressive, and help us form succinct, “voluminous” statements.

What is an adverb as a part of speech? What questions does the adverb answer? How does an adverb differ from other parts of speech? Examples of adverbs.

“The Russian language is great and powerful” - we all know about this from the school board. Perhaps this is precisely why learning this great language is sometimes so difficult for us. What are all his parts of speech worth? This material will be devoted to one of them.

What is an adverb in Russian, what questions does the adverb answer?

An adverb is an independent part of speech in the Russian language. In addition to the fact that this part of speech is considered independent, it is also unchangeable. Often, adverbs in a sentence are attached to a verb or gerund, less often - to a noun, adjective or other adverb.

In Russian, adverbs can answer many questions, such as:

• Where? Where?
• How? How?
• When? How long?
• How much?
• Why?
• For what? For what?

Depending on what questions the adverbs answer, they are divided into adverbial and attributive.

Adverbial adverbs include:

• Adverbs of time - When? How long? From what time? (for a long time, constantly, for a long time).
• Adverbs of place - Where? Where? Where? (far, everywhere).
• Adverbs of reason - Why? For what reason? (that's why I'm going blind).
• Adverbs of purpose - Why? For what? (intentionally, mockery).

Determinative adverbs include:

• Adverbs of measure and degree - To what extent? How much? How many? (excessively, plenty, very).
• Adverbs of manner and manner of action - How is the action performed? How? (spring-like, quiet).
• Qualitative adverbs - What are the properties or features of the action? (jog lightly, cry quietly).

How is an adverb emphasized in a sentence?

• It is necessary to emphasize an adverb in a sentence based on its meaning. The fact is that sometimes an adverb can act as a definition, sometimes as a circumstance, and sometimes as a subject or predicate.
• If an adverb in a sentence serves as an adverbial circumstance, then it must be emphasized with a dot and a dash - “After reading the letter, Anna Ivanovna began to sob EXTREMELY.”
• If an adverb in a sentence is an inconsistent definition, then it should be underlined with a wavy line - “breakfast in ENGLISH” or “hard-boiled egg.”
• If an adverb in a sentence acts as a predicate, it is underlined by two lines - “He is MARRIED.”
• If an adverb in a sentence serves as a noun, it must be emphasized with one straight line - “Our TODAY worries everyone.”

How to identify an adverb: grammatical and morphological features of an adverb

1. An adverb has no gender.
2. The adverb has no number.
3. The adverb has no case.
4. The adverb is not inflected.
5. The adverb is not conjugated.
6. Adverbs have no endings.
7. Qualitative adverbs ending in -e or -o and formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison.
8. Often adverbs depend on verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and form phrases with them.
9. Adverbs are signs of action, attributes or other objects.
10. In a sentence, an adverb most often acts as an adverb.

Does an adverb indicate a characteristic of an action or object?

Adverbs most often denote a sign of an action or a sign of another sign, and only occasionally - a sign of an object. Examples:

• A sign of action is jumping high, sleeping poorly.
• A sign of another sign is absolutely absurd, so stupid.
• The sign of the subject is life apart, supplies for future use.

What is the difference between an adverb and an adjective?

• An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech, but an adjective is a changeable part of speech.
• An adverb is a sign of an action, state or other attribute, and an adjective is only a sign of an object.
• Often in a sentence, an adverb acts as a circumstance, and an adjective acts only as a modifier.
• An adverb is directly related to the action, and an adjective is directly related to the subject.
• Adverbs do not have gender, number, or case, but adjectives do.
• An adjective in a sentence can easily be omitted, but an adverb cannot.

How do adverbs differ from other parts of speech?

• Adverbs differ from conjunctions in that often adverbs are tied to other parts of speech (verbs, other adverbs, participles, nouns or numerals), and conjunctions are only a link between homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a sentence, or several sentences.
• The difference between adverbs and prepositions is that the former do not introduce a case form of the name.
• Adverbs differ from particles in that they do not obey prepositional nouns by preceding them.
• An adverb does not have dependent or modifiable words (unlike nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns).
• An adverb can often be changed to another adverb that is similar in meaning.

What is an adverb: examples

In this subsection we will look at examples of adverbs that display degrees of comparison of this part of speech:

• Simple comparative degree - obtained by adding the suffix -ee, -ey, -e, -she: fat - fatter, fatter; soft - softer; little - less.
• Compound comparative degree - obtained by strengthening adverbs with words more or less: funny - less funny; hard - more hard.
• Compound superlative - is formed by supplementing the original form of the adverb with the words most, least, or simple comparative degree - the words of all, everything: scary - most (least) scary; coolest - coolest of all (everything).

Adverb as part of speech: Video

An adverb is an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, attribute, state, or rarely an object.

Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in –о/–е) and are adjacent to the verb: run fast; adjective: very fast; another adverb: very quickly. In a sentence, an adverb usually occurs circumstance.

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw style coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as inconsistent definition.

Adverb means sign of action, if attached to a verb and a gerund: look into the distance, come back in the evening.

Adverb means attribute of an object, if attached to a noun: soft-boiled egg, Warsaw style coffee.

Adverb means sign of another sign, if attached to an adjective, participle and other adverb: very good, too cold.

The classification of adverbs is carried out on two grounds - by function and by meaning.

Classification of adverbs by function

According to function, there are two categories of pronouns - significant and pronominal.

Significant adverbs name signs of actions or other signs, pronominal adverbs indicate them, cf.: on the right - where, on the left - where, foolishly - why, out of spite - then, yesterday - then.

there, there, then- index fingers;

where, where, why- interrogative-relative;

everywhere, everywhere- definitions, etc.

Classification of adverbs by meaning

There are two categories of adverbs based on meaning - attributive and adverbial.

Definitive adverbs characterize the action itself, the attribute itself - its quality, quantity, method of execution:

very, beautiful, fun, in my opinion, on foot

and are divided into the following categories:

Qualitative, or mode of action ( How? How?): quickly, like that, together;
- quantitative, or measures and degrees ( To what extent? How much?): very, not at all, three times.

Places ( Where? Where? Where?): on the right, up there;
- time ( When? How long?): yesterday, then, in the spring, when;
- reasons (Why?): rashly, why, because;
- goals (Why? For what?): out of spite, why, then.

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs with –о/–е

Degrees of comparison of adverbs, like degrees of comparison of adjectives, indicate greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of manifestation of a characteristic. The structure of degrees of comparison of an adverb and an adjective is similar.

Comparative degree adverbs denote a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic:

One action of a subject compared to another action of the same subject: “ Petya runs better than he jumps» .
- the action of one subject compared to the same action of another subject: “ Petya runs faster than Vasya» .
- at the action of the subject in comparison with the same action of this subject at another time: “ Petya runs faster than before» .
- the action of one subject compared to another action of another subject: “ A child runs slower than an adult walks» .

Like an adjective, the comparative degree of an adverb can be simple or compound.

Simple comparative degree adverbs are formed as follows:
base of positive degree without –o (and without segments k/ok) \(+\) formative suffixes – her(s), –e, –she/–same:warm-ee, louder, early-deeper, deeper.

The simple comparative degree of an adverb differs from the simple comparative degree of an adjective in its syntactic function: an adverb is an adverb in a sentence: “ He jumped higher than his father» -

or the predicate of an impersonal sentence: “ It's getting warmer»;

and the adjective acts as the predicate of a two-part sentence: “ He is taller than his father» -

or as a definition: “ Give me a smaller plate» .

Compound comparative degree adverbs have the following structure:
elements more/less \(+\) positive degree:

"He jumped higher than his father".

Superlative indicates the highest/lowest degree of manifestation of the trait.

Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have a simple superlative comparison. The remainders of the simple comparative degree are presented only in phraseological units: I humbly thank you, I bow to you most humbly.

1) most/least \(+\) positive degree: « He jumped the highest."
2) simple comparative degree \(+\) of all/all: « He jumped the highest"; The difference from the superlative degree of comparison of adjectives is in the syntactic function of adverbial adverbial, not a predicate two-part sentence.

Classes of adverbs by education

The correlation of adverbs with other parts of speech indicates their origin and method of formation.

Adverbs are correlative with names, pronouns and verbs. Replenishing themselves with other parts of speech, adverbs do not lose their semantic connection with them. For example, adverbs formed from nouns are associated with an objective meaning ( to the ground, to one side, Houses); adverbs formed from numerals - with the meaning of number ( twice, doubled, together); adverbs formed from adjectives - with the meaning of quality ( warm, Beautiful, kindly, gloomily); adverbs formed from verbs - with the meaning of action ( lying down, reluctantly, jokingly, immediately).

The process of formation of adverbs is long, and therefore the time of formation of adverbs does not coincide.

Adverbs formed from nouns that have disappeared from the language are also early in formation, and the morphological correlation with the names of these adverbs is not lost (for example: to the ground, in a hurry, quietly, down the drain, smashing, with kondachka, with a panty), as well as from old forms of currently existing names (for example: serves it right, right, left).

Adverb- This is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, a sign, a state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in ‑ O / ‑e) and are adjacent to a verb, adjective, other adverb ( run fast, very fast, very fast). In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb.

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The classification of adverbs is carried out on two grounds - by function and by meaning.

Classification of adverbs by function

According to function, there are two categories of pronouns - significant and pronominal.

Significant adverbs name signs of actions or other signs, pronominal- point to them, cf.: on the right - where, on the left - where, foolishly - why, out of spite - then, yesterday - then .

As already mentioned, in complex 2 pronominal adverbs are not a category of adverbs, but a category of pronouns (see pronoun).

Pronominal adverbs can be divided into classes according to the classification of pronouns, for example: there, there, then- index fingers, where, where, why- interrogative-relative, everywhere, everywhere- definitions, etc.

Classification of adverbs by meaning

There are two categories of adverbs based on meaning - attributive and adverbial.

Definitive adverbs characterize the action itself, the attribute itself - its quality, quantity, method of execution ( very, beautiful, fun, in my opinion, on foot) and are divided into the following categories:

- quality, or course of action (How? how?): quickly, just like that, together ;

- quantitative, or measures and degrees (to what extent? how much?): very, not at all, three times .

Circumstantial adverbs name circumstances external to an action and are divided into the following categories:

- places (Where? Where? where?): on the right, up there ;

- time (When? How long?): yesterday, then, in the spring, when ;

- reasons (Why?): rashly, why, because ;

- goals (For what? For what?): out of spite, why, then .

Grammatical features of the adverb

An adverb in the Russian language is not inflected or conjugated (it does not change according to gender, number, or case, like other independent parts of speech). A constant morphological feature of adverbs is rank by meaning.

Adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison: bad - worse - worst of all, loudly - less loudly - loudest of all, boldly - more boldly - boldest of all.

Syntactic role of the adverb

In a sentence, an adverb is usually used as an adverb (Boy Fine knows the topic). Less likely to act as an inconsistent definition (Mom cooked an egg soft-boiled. We had a running competition race) .

At school, the adverb is studied from the 7th grade. The proposed article complements the textbook, allows you to learn briefly about the main features of an adverb as a part of speech and quickly repeat the material before the test.

Adverb

Adverb(the term is formed by imprecise tracing paper from Lat. adverbium) - part of speech, unchangeable, denoting a sign of an action, a sign of a sign. In school teaching, it is customary to say that the words of this class answer the questions “how?”, “where?”, “where?”, “from where?”, “when?”, “why?”, “for what purpose?”, "to what extent?" and most often refer to verbs and denote a sign of action. Adverbs are formed through the process of adverbialization.

Classification by lexical meaning

• Circumstantial:
  • time- indicate the time of action ( yesterday, today, tomorrow, morning, afternoon, evening, night, spring, now, later, later, always);
  • places- indicate the place where the action takes place ( far, nearby, in the distance, near, here, there, to the right, to the left, back, from a distance, towards, from the side, about);
  • reasons- indicate the reason for the action ( blindly, rashly, foolishly, drunk, involuntarily, not without reason);
  • goals- indicate the purpose of the action ( on purpose, on purpose, out of spite, in defiance, as a joke, intentionally, unintentionally, accidentally).
• Definitive:
  • quality- express a characteristic or assessment of an action or attribute ( cold, brutal, sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right);
  • quantitative- determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or sign ( a lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, twice, thrice, two, three, six, very, very, completely, absolutely);
  • method and mode of action- indicate the method of performing an action ( running, galloping, walking, swimming, shuffling, idling, supine, for sure);
  • comparisons and likenings - (womanish, bearish, old, our way, friendly, still, nose hooked, upright, squiggle, on end, hedgehog, pillar);
  • totality - (two, three, publicly, together).

Qualitative adverbs, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison

• comparative degree is expressed:
  • syntactically: using suffixes -her(-to her), -she, -e"-same" ( more interesting, longer, stronger, louder). Some adverbs form the comparative degree suppletively, that is, changing the stem: good - better, a lot - more, little - less", "deep-deeper";
  • analytically: using an auxiliary word more in combination with the original form of the adverb: more strongly, more vile, more disgusting etc.
• The superlative degree is expressed:
  • syntactically (Greek) σοφὸς - σοφοτατα ): wisely - wisest of all; using suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-: I humbly ask, I bow to you. Very rarely used in modern Russian;
  • analytically: by combining the word most with the original form of the adverb: most disgusting, most scary, the worst etc. It has a bookish connotation and is used mostly in the scientific style of speech and journalism;
  • complex form: combination of words everyone, total with the synthetic form of the comparative degree: the best, best, most.

There are adverbs significant, if they are formed from significant words, that is, if adverbs name some attribute directly ( quiet, loud, evening).

There are also adverbs pronominal, that is, if the adverb does not name a characteristic, but only points to it, that is, to a manner of action ( So), location ( there, here, here, there), action time ( when, then, then, always), reason ( because, therefore), target ( then). Pronominal adverbs are not a category of adverbs, but a category of pronouns. In the Russian language, significant adverbs predominate.

Classification by method of education

• suffixal: fast - quickly, creative - creatively;
• prefix-suffixal: dry - dry;
• prefixal: good - not good, where - nowhere;
• Addition of different types:
  • addition of words: barely, barely - barely, recklessly - insanely;
  • addition with first element semi-: reclining; half-sitting
  • addition with the addition of a suffix or prefix and suffix: walk by - pass by, gender, strength - half strength.

Spelling adverbs

• Use of hyphen:
  • in adverbs on -ki, -y, -oh with attachment By-: in a friendly way;
  • in adverbs on -s, -s with attachment in-/in-, formed from ordinal numbers ( Firstly);
  • in indefinite adverbs with a prefix some and suffixes -something/-something (somewhere, something, somehow, after all);
  • in adverbs formed:
    • repetition of words and the basics of words (barely, willy-nilly, after all);
    • a combination of synonymous words (unexpectedly).
• Prefix By- written together:
  • in adverbs formed from adjectives using this prefix and suffixes -y, - little, -onku (simply);
  • with forms of comparative degree of adverbs ( higher);

Note: phrases that have the meaning of circumstances are written separately ( in the end, point to point). Combinations exactly, criss-cross, topsy-turvy are written with a hyphen because these are already adverbs, not nouns.

• They write together:
  • prepositions with adverbs ( until now, from outside, forever);
  • adverbs formed by combining prepositions V And on with collective numerals ( doubled, three times);
  • adverbs formed by combining prepositions with full adjectives ( hard-boiled).
  • as a rule, adverbs formed by combining a preposition and a noun ( up, over, in the distance, due to);
  • adverbs formed by combining a preposition with interrogative and demonstrative pronouns ( Why, why).

Note: adverb consisting of a preposition V and a full adjective starting with a vowel are written separately ( in the open)

Adverbs in other languages

Literature

• "Modern Russian Language", ed. D. E. Rosenthal

Links

• Ales Brandner Adverbs in the circle of parts of speech - The history of their origin (formation) (doc). (inaccessible link - story) Retrieved January 20, 2010.

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See what “Adverb” is in other dictionaries:

Cm … Dictionary of synonyms

Adverb. The word adverb (Greek 【πί〴〳ημα, Latin adverbium) actually means verb (from 〳〟μα, verbum verb). But Barsov, in his grammar (XVIII century), noted that the etymological meaning of the term adverb does not correspond to later ones... ... History of words

1. ADVERB, I; Wed Linguistic A set of local dialects or dialects. languages ​​that have common dialectal features. South Great Russian village Severnovelikorusskoe village Celtic n. 2. ADVERB, I; Wed Linguistic Unchangeable part of speech... Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (calque, Latin adverbium, Greek epirrhema), part of speech, class of full-valued words, unchangeable or changeable only by degrees of comparison. Indicates a sign of action or condition (sings well, sleeps soundly) and a sign of quality (very... ... Modern encyclopedia

A group of dialects interconnected by a number of common phenomena...

Part of speech, a class of full-valued words, unchangeable or changeable only by degrees of comparison. Indicates a sign of an action (state) or quality. In a sentence, it usually acts as an adverbial... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

1. ADVERB1, adverbs, cf. (ling.). A set of local dialects, dialects that have common features; a dialect is larger than a dialect. Okaya and Akaya adverbs of the Russian language. 2. ADVERB2, adverbs, cf. (gram.). Unchangeable part of speech... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

ADVERB 1, I, Wed. The set of territorial dialects of what kind. language. Severnovelikorusskoe village Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

ADVERB 2, I, Wed. In grammar: a part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign (quality, property), less often an object, for example. clear, loud, here, always, home, at night, soft-boiled. Pronominal adverbs (here, there, where, where, from, ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

ADVERB, I, Wed. The set of territorial dialects of what kind. language. Severnovelikorusskoe village II. ADVERB, I, Wed. In grammar: part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign (quality, property), less often an object, for example. clear, loud... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

• Set of tables. English language. Noun. Pronoun. Adverb (9 tables) , . Educational album of 9 sheets. Art. 5-8658-009. Plural of nouns. Pronouns 1. Pronouns 2. Some/any. Adverbs. Nouns used only in the singular...