Types of subordinating connections in sentences. Complex sentence with coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections Its type of subordinating connection

Among sentences 3-10, find a complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(3) Something has closed in Fyodor. (4) My head was empty. (5) In class, when they picked him up, he stood up, confused, not knowing what to say, and the guys already started giggling at him, immediately coming up with the nickname Gloomy Burcheev. (6) But Fyodor did not seem to hear this either. (7) His body seemed to have lost the ability to sense, and his soul to feel. (8) After classes, he got on the bus and went to the old district.

(9) On one of these visits, an excavator operator loading crushed stone into a dump truck shouted to Fedor:

- (10) Hey, guy! Clean up your dovecote!

Correct answer: 5

Comment:

A complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination of subordinate clauses must, firstly, be complex, that is, have subordinating conjunctions; secondly, it is necessary that the subordinate clauses answer various questions, this is exactly what it is main feature parallel subordination; thirdly, there must be at least three basics.

Proposition 5 meets all these conditions.

[In class, (when he raised), he got up, confused, not knowing], (what say), and the guys already started giggling at him, immediately coming up with the nickname Gloomy Burcheev.

Simple sentences within a complex sentence (SPP) are highlighted in brackets; stems are in italics.

What you need to know:
In a complex sentence there can be not one subordinate clause, but two, three, four or more. Subordinate clauses are connected not only with the main part of the sentence, but also with each other. This connection can be different in nature:

Homogeneous Subordination

Subordination is considered homogeneous, and subordinate clauses are considered homogeneous under two conditions:

1. If the subordinate clauses refer to the entire main clause or to the same word.
2. They are clauses of the same type.

Example: She knew that the girls looked warily at the closed door of the room, that they felt connected... (Yu. German).

[ - = ], (what - =), (what = -)...

The subordinating conjunction (or allied word) in the second of the homogeneous subordinate clauses may be absent, but it can be easily restored from the first subordinate clause, for example: He was no longer afraid, although the thunder crackled as before and (although) lightning striped the whole sky (A. Chekhov). Pay attention to the absence of a comma between the two subordinate clauses: there is none, since the subordinate clauses are homogeneous and are connected by the conjunction I.

[ = ], (although - =) and ((although) - =).

Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination

If of the two conditions of homogeneous subordination only one is satisfied and the other is not, then we are dealing with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination.
Thus, subordinate clauses with heterogeneous subordination either refer to one thing, but at the same time are subordinate clauses different types, either, being subordinate clauses of the same type (usually attributive clauses), refer to different words.

Example: When we got up, it was impossible to understand what time it was (A. Chekhov).

(When - =), [then = ], (which -).

Consistent submission

With sequential subordination, subordinate clauses are connected to each other as if in a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (this is a subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the first (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree), the third - to the second (subordinate clause of the 3rd degree), etc.

Example: It was a beautiful July day, one of those days that happen when the weather has settled for a long time (I. Turgenev).

[ = - ], (which =), (when - =).

With sequential subordination, a combination of two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunction word (what if, what when, what why, etc.) is possible. In such cases, the second clause appears inside the first.

It so happened that when we were driving, there was not the slightest swell (M. Prishvin).

[ = ], (what, (when - =), =)

Combined submission

In a complex sentence with a large number of subordinate clauses, combined subordination is possible (homogeneous and parallel, homogeneous and sequential, sequential and parallel; homogeneous, sequential and parallel).

Example:In the evening the storm became so intense that it was impossible to hear whether the wind was humming or thunder roaring.(I. Goncharov) (consistent and homogeneous submission)

[ - = ], (what =), (= whether -) or (= -).

(consistent and homogeneous subordination).

Example: To move forward, look back often, otherwise you will forget where you came from and where you need to go(L. Andreev).

(To =), [ = ], (otherwise - =), (from where - =) and (where =).

(homogeneous, parallel and sequential submission).

In a phrase, dependent words are associated with the main three ways: coordination, control, adjacency . The classification of subordinating communication methods is based on what part of speech the dependent word is expressed in.

Coordination- this is a method of communication in which the dependent word is placed in the same forms of gender, number and case as the main word. For example: shady garden(masculine, singular, nominative case), after a long separation(feminine, singular, genitive case), fallen leaves (plural, nominative case). When the form of the main word changes, the form of the dependent word changes accordingly: shady garden, shady garden(genitive), in a shady garden(prepositional).

When agreed, the dependent word can be expressed by: an adjective (difficult task) pronoun-adjective (our friend), communion (oncoming wave), ordinal number (second entrance), quantitative numeral in indirect cases (with three comrades).

Control- a method of communication in which the dependent word is placed with the main word in a certain indirect case with or without a preposition. For example: buy a magazine(the dependent noun is in the accusative case), talk to him(the dependent pronoun is in the instrumental case with the preposition “s”). When controlling with changing the form of the main word, the form of the dependent word does not change. Wed: buy a magazine, bought a magazine, bought a magazine, buy a magazine.

When controlling, the dependent word can be expressed as: a noun (break the vase) pronoun-noun (tell him) cardinal number (divide by five) and other parts of speech used in the meaning of a noun (to care for the sick).

Adjacency- a method of communication in which a dependent, unchangeable word (or form of a word) is associated with the main one only in meaning and intonation. For example: go limping, very happy.

When adjoining, the dependent word can be expressed: by an adverb (cries loudly) infinitive (ready to help) participle (work without stopping) shape comparative degree adjective or adverb (older boy, come closer) unchangeable possessive pronouns (her friend).

Types of communication - coordinating and subordinating.

In the Russian language there are two main types of connections between words and sentences – coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating connection present in equal parts: in this case it is impossible to ask a question from one part to another. Such a connection between words in coordinating phrases (forest and mountains). IN simple sentences these are homogeneous members (“... Our forest and mountains will dance!” I. Krylov). There is a coordinative connection between parts of complex sentences (“... We have notes, and we have instruments...” I. Krylov). Coordinating conjunctions contribute to coordinating communication: and, and, but, or, either, that - that, not that - not that, etc.

Subordinating connection combines the main part and the dependent part. From the main part a question is asked to the dependent part. Such a connection occurs in subordinating phrases (let’s sit next to each other) and in complex sentences (“... we’ll probably get along, under what conditions? If we sit next to each other” I. Krylov). The subordinating connection is carried out using the endings of dependent words, clarified with the help of prepositions and formalized by subordinating conjunctions: what, which, where, because, if, when, etc. For example: “Here everyone is asking him to solve their doubts...” - complex sentence. In the phrase “everyone to him,” the subordinating relationship is expressed by the ending -him, supported by the preposition to, from the main word to the dependent word, the question is asked to whom? The main thing and subordinate clause connected by the subordinating conjunction so.

If in a phrase both words are unchangeable parts of speech, that is, they do not have endings and prepositions are not used with them, then the connection between them is carried out using intonation. In a non-union complex sentence, the connection between simple sentences is also carried out by the intonation of enumeration.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences

There is such a thing in linguistics as a subordinating relationship. In Russian, subordinating connections occur in phrases and sentences. This happens in speech all the time. But what is a subordinating phrase and clause?

First, let's look at what a subordinating relationship means. It connects independent (notional) words and phrases with each other through the fact that one part is the main one and the other is the dependent one. This is very easy to check. From the main part you can ask a question to the dependent part. Such a connection is determined both in meaning and grammatically. For example, a beautiful flower, where from the word “flower” you can ask the question “which one?” to the word “beautiful” and determine that the dependent adjective here is.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases

Coordination

The gender, number and case form of the dependent part are fully consistent with the main part, that is, they are similar to it. From the main word you can ask questions “which?” and “whose?” (these questions may vary depending on the form).

This is interesting: complex sentences, examples in the literature.

When agreeing, the main noun is always the noun, and the dependent ones can be:

1. Adjectives: blue sea, clear image, bright light.
2. Ordinal numbers: first place, (on) the tenth floor, hundredth film.
3. Participles: a person writing, a running kitten, a bouncing ball.
4. Possessive pronouns (except for them, him, her): our hearts, my treasure.

Coordination also can be complete or incomplete. In the first case, the dependent word in all forms is likened to the main one, and in the second case - only partially. But the incomplete form rather concerns only exceptions and vernaculars. An example of incomplete (or partial) agreement is the case when a word denoting a profession (as we know, many such words are in the masculine form, but the person himself can be a woman) has an adjective next to it, but in a different gender (our doctor).

Control

When controlling, the dependent word changes under the influence of the main word only by case, one word “controls” the other. Control phrases can be: verb + noun, gerund + noun, participle + noun, two nouns or cardinal number + noun. Happens two types of control: with a preposition, when there is a preposition, or without a preposition. When controlling, the dependent word is asked an indirect case question or an adverbial question (where, to where, from where), since the word can answer two questions at the same time.

Examples: smoking a cigarette, living in a house, a toy cat, six players, dropping out of school, writing books.

Adjacency

With this type of connection, one part is “adjacent” to another. In other words, such phrases determined only by meaning, since both parts retain all their shapes. The main sign of adjacency is that the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech (the infinitive of the verb, the gerund, the adverb, the pronouns his, her, their).

The main difference from management and coordination is precisely the “independence” of the parts and dependence on each other only in meaning. An adjacency is a connection between two nouns if they denote a name (Lake Baikal, the country of Russia, the Volga River). You can ask an adverbial question (not to be confused with management!): what to do, what to do, what by doing, what by doing and whose (his, her, theirs).

Examples: his jacket, planet Earth, live well, drive without stopping, grew up quickly.

Phrases that do not have a subordinating connection

Subordinating communication in sentences

Sentences also have a subordinating relationship, but this only applies to non-complex sentences. A complex sentence differs from a complex sentence in that both parts cannot be broken. If they are used separately, the sentence will lose its meaning, while parts of a complex sentence can be completely use separately from each other and divide the letter with a dot.

The types of subordinating connections in such sentences are distinguished only if there are several subordinate clauses. For example: he told me that he would only go to the place where he was directed. Here we see one main clause and two dependent clauses.

• sequential;
• parallel;
• homogeneous.

Sequential a sentence can be determined if a question goes from the main part to a subordinate clause, and from this subordinate clause to another subordinate clause. For example: I bought a jacket (which one?), which was sewn for me in an atelier (which one?), which is located far from my home.

At parallel In the form of subordination to all subordinate clauses, questions from the main part are asked, but from different words. Thus, a sort of “parallel” is obtained. In such cases it is usually main part is between dependents. (Example: when the school bell rang, I was talking to a new classmate who had recently transferred to our class).

At homogeneous In this type, dependent clauses refer to the same word in the main part. (For example: today I went for a walk in the park, where there are usually very few people and where I forgot my jacket).

education.guru

Types of subordinating connections in phrases

With the help of 5-ege.ru you can easily learn to determine the type of subordinating connection.

Subordinating connection is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main one (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).

Collocation is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically.

green eyes, writing letters, difficult to convey.

In a phrase, the main word (from which the question is asked) and the dependent (to which the question is asked) are distinguished:

Blue ball. Relax outside the city. Ball and rest are the key words.

Trap!

The following are not subordinating phrases:

1. Combination of an independent word with a service word: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing;

2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: beat screw around, play the fool, headlong;

3. Subject and predicate: night came;

4. Compound word forms : lighter, will walk;

5. Groups of words united by a coordinating connection: fathers and sons.

Video about types of subordinating connections

If you like the video format, you can watch it.

There are three types of subordinating connections:



seashore, reading youth, first snow, my home

Questions may vary by case!

Remember! The prepositional case form of a noun can be an adverbial form, so adverbial questions are asked for these forms (see below)

listen carefully, walk without looking back, soft-boiled egg

4. possessive pronouns(his, her, theirs)

2. doing what? what did you do?

3. how? Where? Where? where? When? For what? Why?

Distinguish!

Her coat is an adjunction (whose), to see her is control (of whom).

In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. The personal pronoun answers the questions of indirect cases, and it participates in the subordinating connection - control, and the possessive answers the question whose? and is immutable, it participates in contiguity.

Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining.

Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. They may have the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, then you have control.

Algorithm of actions No. 1.

1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another.

2) Determine the part of speech of the dependent word.

3) Pay attention to the question you ask about the dependent word.

4) Based on the identified signs, determine the type of connection.

Analysis of the task.

What type of connection is used in the phrase BUILD MECHANICALLY.

We define the main word and ask a question from it: catch (how?) mechanically; catch - the main word mechanically – dependent. Determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question How? and is an adverb, then the connection is used in the phrase adjacency.

Algorithm of actions No. 2.

1. In the text it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.

2. If you need agreement, look for the word that answers the question Which? whose?

3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.

4. If you need to find an adjunct, look for an unchangeable word (infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).

5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.

From the sentences, write down a subordinating phrase with the connection CONNECTION.

I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. I started getting otitis media. I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. Mom called ambulance, and we went to the regional hospital.

When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. Let's try to find these parts of speech: strongly (how?) – adverb. We find the main word for it, from which the question is asked to the adverb: caught a cold.

Thus, write it out with the phrase I caught a bad cold.

Home » Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian » Types of subordinating connections in phrases

Methods of subordinating communication

The methods of subordinate communication are as follows: coordination, control, adjacency

Agreement as a method of subordinating communication

• Coordination- this is a type of subordinating connection when the dependent word takes the grammatical forms of the main word, for example: a beautiful picture.

The main word when agreed, a noun, a substantivized adjective or participle (i.e., has become a noun), as well as a pronoun, a noun, for example: high spirits, student canteen.

dependent word can be an adjective, an adjective pronoun, an ordinal number or a participle, i.e. such categories of words in which the categories of gender, number and case are not independent, for example: the right decision, our meeting.

Management as a method of subordinate communication

• Control- a type of subordinating connection, when the dependent word is used in the indirect case that requires the main word, for example: write a book, click your teeth, advise a friend (to whom? dative case);

The main word when governing, it can act as a verb (to rejoice in meeting you), a noun (love for people), an adjective (regrettable), an adverb (near the city), or an ordinal number (first in class).

When driving dependent word nouns, pronouns-nouns, substantivized adjectives always appear (cover with snow, conversation with workers).

Adjunction as a method of subordinating connection

• Adjacency- this is a type of syntactic connection when an unchangeable dependent word is attached to the main one in meaning. For example: Very nice (how nice?).

Unchangeable words are adjacent: infinitive, adverb, simple comparative form, gerund, some unchangeable adjectives (order to advance, door to the left, a little to the south).

Infinitive adjacent to a verb (try to answer, came to stay), a noun (desire to make peace), adjective (intends to relax)

Comparative forms adjacent to a verb (it’s better to answer, to run faster), to a noun (the news is more interesting, the drink is stronger)

Participles adjoin the verb in cases where the meaning of an adverb develops in them (read while lying down, sleep while sitting).

Immutable adjectives such as beige, mini, maxi, hindi, midi, flared, etc. adjacent to nouns (Hindi language, peak hours).

It is necessary to distinguish between adjacency and control

• Her shoes– this is an adjunction (whose?),
• See him– management (of whom?).

In the categories of pronouns there are two homonymous categories. The personal pronoun answers questions of indirect cases, and it participates in a subordinating connection - this is control, and the possessive is involved in adjacency.

• Run to the store– management,
• Go here– adjacency.

It is important to distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb, because there may be the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main and dependent words, then this is management.

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What types of subordinating connections are there in Russian? and how to determine them? and got the best answer

Answer from Evgeny Gordeev[guru]






For example: Very cute (how cute?); speak while listening (doing what?).

Reply from Elena Elena[guru]
agreement: the dependent word is adj. (or another part of speech with the meaning of the attribute), answers the question which? (uh, uh, uh...)
blue sea...

adjacency - connection in meaning, the dependent word is necessarily unchangeable (adv., adverb, n.f. verb), answers questions of circumstances (how? where? where?...)
very loud, so far away...

Control - the main word subjugates the dependent word with the help of the candidate. case (except I. p), you can ask questions about cases. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, this is definitely control.

Reply from Igor Volkov[newbie]
There are three types of subordination: coordination, control, adjacency.
Agreement is a type of subordinating relationship in which the main word agrees with the dependent word in gender, number and case. Ch. Form sl. =form frozen sl.
For example: a beautiful picture (feminine, singular, nominative case); With main road(feminine, singular, genitive case).
Control is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word puts the dependent in a certain case.
For example: advise a friend (to whom? dat. case); talk about the weather (about what? prepositional case).
Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word is associated with the dependent word only in meaning and intonation, and the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech.

go to school, knock on the door, see a friend, give a notebook...

Reply from Imofey Perviy[newbie]
Evgenia Gordeeva speaks the truth

Reply from Alexander Sviridov[newbie]
There are three types of subordination: coordination, control, adjacency.
Agreement is a type of subordinating relationship in which the main word agrees with the dependent word in gender, number and case. Ch. Form sl. =form frozen sl.
For example: a beautiful picture (feminine, singular, nominative case); from the main road (feminine, singular, genitive case).
Control is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word puts the dependent in a certain case.
For example: advise a friend (to whom? dat. case); talk about the weather (about what? prepositional case).
Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word is associated with the dependent word only in meaning and intonation, and the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech.
For example: Very cute (how cute?); speak while listening (doing what?). agreement: the dependent word is adj. (or another part of speech with the meaning of the attribute), answers the question which? (oe, ee, ee...) blue sea... adjacency - connection in meaning, the dependent word is necessarily unchangeable (adv., adverb, n.f. verb), answers questions of circumstances (how? where? where?.. .)
very loud, so far away... control - the main word subjugates the dependent word with the help of k. -n. case (except I. p), you can ask questions about cases. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, this is definitely control.
go to school, knock on the door, see a friend, give a notebook...

Coordinating connection

Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases

III. Adverbial phrases

1. Phrases with an adverb (for example: very successful, still good).

2. Collocations with nouns (for example: far from home, alone with my son, shortly before exams).

Syntactic connection - formal structural relations between the components of syntactic units, revealing semantic connections (syntactic relations) and expressed by means of language.

Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases and simple sentences:

1) forms of words:

· case form of nouns;

· number, gender, case of adjectives;

· person, number, gender of conjugated forms of verbs.

2) prepositions;

3) word order;

4) intonation (in written speech expressed using punctuation marks).

Syntactic connections are divided into coordinating and subordinating, which oppose each other based on the presence/absence of the “master” and “servant” relationship in the syntactic structure.

At essay the components are single-functional. This connection is characterized by the number of combined structural components, i.e. a sign of openness/closedness.

At closed coordinating connection only two of its components can be connected ( not a sister, but a brother; you love sadly and difficultly, but a woman’s heart is joking). Must be expressed by adversative conjunctions ( A, But), gradational ( not only...but also; yes and), explanatory ( namely, that is).

With an open coordinating connection, an indefinite number of components can be connected at once. Can be expressed without conjunctions or using connectors ( And, Yes) and separating ( or, or, Also etc.) unions.

At subordination the role of the components in creating a design is different, they have different functions. The Russian language has different formal means of expressing subordinating relationships. These funds are grouped into three main types.

First view formal expression of dependence is the likening of the form of the dependent word to the forms of the dominant word; such assimilation is carried out in cases where the dependent word changes by cases, numbers and genders (this is an adjective, including pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers and participles), by cases and numbers (this is a noun) or by cases other than them. n. and, for some. excl., wine n. (numerals); eg: new home (new home, new home...), late passengers, my brother, first flight; tower house, giant plant; three tables, four tables, several athletes. The condition for the formation of such a connection is the possibility of coincidence in the connecting words of case, number and gender - in case of dependence of the adjective, or case and number, or only case - in case of dependence of the noun ( tower house, in the tower house..., nursery-new building, V nursery-new building...).

Second type formal expression of dependence - setting a dependent word in the form of an indirect case without a preposition or with a preposition (attaching the case form of a name to a word); in such a connection, the main word can be a word of any part of speech, and the dependent word can be a noun (including a pronoun-noun, cardinal and collective numeral): read a book, angry with the student, drive into the yard, pass for the groom, monitor the instruments, be in the city, work for seven, father's arrival, buying a house, award to the winners, math exam, city ​​on the Volga, scientifically gifted, alone with myself, stronger than death, someone in a mask, first from the edge.

Third type formal expression of dependence - the addition to the dominant word of a word that does not have forms of change: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund, which syntactically behave as independent words. The main word can be a verb, a noun, an adjective, a cardinal numeral, and also, when combined with an adverb, a pronoun-noun. With this type of connection, the formal indicator of dependence is the immutability of the dependent word itself, and the internal, semantic indicator is the emerging relationships: run fast, turn right, beige, saddle coat, golden side, sixth from left, three upstairs, order to advance, decide to leave, act smarter, older people, someone more experienced.

In modern Russian, there are traditionally three types of subordinating connections: coordination, control and adjacency. When delimiting and defining these connections, not only strictly formal types of connection must be taken into account, but also the significant side of the connection inseparable from these types, i.e., the relationships arising on its basis.

Coordination- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by assimilating the form of the dependent word to the form of the dominant word in gender, number and case, or in number and case, or only in case, and means relations that are actually attributive: new home, someone else's, tower house, nursery-new building. The main word in agreement can be a noun, a pronoun-noun and a cardinal numeral in the form of noun-vin. n. With words that are informatively insufficient, agreement combines a defining meaning with a complementary meaning and thus acquires signs of a strong connection: fun thing, unfathomable things.

Control- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by joining the dominant word of a noun in the form of an indirect case (without a preposition or with a preposition) and means a relationship that is complementary or objective or contaminated: object-completion or object-defining. The main word in control can be a word of any part of speech: become a scientist, be in the dark, master of inventions, brooding, two students, alone with myself; read a book, buying a house, angry at everyone; run into rudeness; get home, move down the mountain..

Adjacency is a subordinating relationship that exists in two forms, each of which receives an independent definition. There is a distinction between adjacency in the narrow sense of the word (or adjacency itself) and adjacency in the broad sense of the word (case adjacency). The actual junction - this is a connection in which the role of a dependent word is played by unchangeable words: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund. In this case, various relations may arise: when the infinitive is adjacent - complementary (), objective ( learn to draw, agree to go), or adverbial determinatives ( come in and talk); when adjoining adverbs, gerunds - attributives ( speak slowly, read faster, extremely interesting, city ​​at night, second from left) or determinative-replenishing ( be nearby, costly, be listed here, become smarter); when adjoining an unchangeable adjective - the actual attributives ( indigo, tsunami waves, mini skirt, older boy). A word of any part of speech can dominate in this connection.

Case adjunction- this is the addition to the main word (any part of speech) of a case (without a preposition or with a preposition) form of a name with a defining meaning: come on the fifth of May, come in the evening, wooden spoon, city ​​on the Volga, house with two windows, checkered gray, handsome face, teapot lid, one step ahead, someone in blue, first in line. With case adjacency, attributive, subjective-attributive relations arise, or - with informationally insufficient words that require an adverbial extender - adverbial-complementary ( be on the shore, be registered at the plant, cost a hundred rubles, long before dawn).

During exams, school graduates are given tasks to determine the type of connection in the text. Many people have difficulty doing this, although it is not that difficult.

A complex connection in sentences or phrases is a sentence (phrase) in which one of the parts is subordinate to the other. When carefully studying the rules of subordinating relationships, many examples are given independently.

There are only three types of subordination - coordination, adjacency and control.

• Coordination.

The dominant word is a noun, and participles, adjectives, possessive pronouns or ordinal numbers are dependent words, i.e. subordinate, consistent. Cases, gender and numbers change following the main word.

For example: our dacha, an open book, the first warrior. In the first phrase, the pronoun acts as a predicative word, and the type of subordinating connection will be agreement.

• Control.

The predicative word changes from the dominant one in the case. Parts of speech are very diverse. You can find familiar combinations: adjectives and nouns, participles (gerunds) and nouns, verbs and nouns, numerals and nouns, even nouns and nouns.

Example: watch a movie, death threats, pea soup, five stars.

During final exams, applicants are often faced with the task of changing the type of communication from coordination to management or vice versa. Typically the example is two nouns. The above is split pea soup. To change a phrase, you need to transform one noun into an adjective, so you get pea soup. To convert back, you need to turn the adjective into a noun. For example, a silk dress will become a silk dress.

• Adjacency.

In adjacency, the dominant word is connected with the dependent word only logically, that is, in meaning. Typically, the following parts of speech have this type of connection: verb and verb, verb and adverb, verb and gerund, adjective or participle, verb and degree of comparison in an adverb. Feature adjacency is that the dependent word has no case and gender.

For example: it’s sad to watch, he says laughing, I can’t fly, to be kinder, it was better.

There are several types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence. There is one main simple clause and several subordinate clauses. The subordination of phrases differs from each other, so it is not always easy to distinguish them.

• Consistent submission.

In this case, the main phrase comes first, and the dependent ones obey it sequentially one after another.

For example. She looked at the guy from whom she once asked for a lecture, but he didn’t write it down either.

For example. She knew that it couldn't get any better and that it was better for her to leave forever.

The main thing: “She knew.” The first subordinate clause answers the question - did you know about what? That it won't get any better. The second subordinate clause also answers the question “About what?”, the answer is that it is better for her to leave forever.

After analyzing the text, it turns out that it is complex with a homogeneous method of subordination.

• Subordination is allied.

This is a way of subordination using conjunctions and allied words.

For example. She didn't know she was being watched.

The dominant phrase “She didn’t know,” the subordinate clause, answers the question “About what?” The answer will be “That she is being watched.”

• Indirect interrogative submission.

Subordinate clauses answer the main question using relative interrogative adverbs or pronouns. The main idea of ​​a predicative sentence is expressed using a verb or noun that describes a state or feeling.

For example. She didn't know how much it hurt. The main one is “She didn’t know.” The subordinate clause “how painful it was” answers the question “I didn’t know about what?”

• Subordination.

Subordinate and main clauses are dependent on each other, and the main idea is expressed using lexico-syntactic means.

She had not yet laid out her things when she was surrounded by children.

The dominant thing is that she did not put things away. It answers the question “what happened” (she was surrounded by children).

Knowing the principles of constructing complex sentences is important for every Russian person, especially for schoolchildren before final exams. You don’t carry knowledge behind your back, and it’s nice to talk to a competent person.