Soviet car GAZ-M21 "Volga": description, specifications. Soviet car GAZ-M21 "Volga": description, specifications

Car model M-21A, M-21T, GAZ-21T passenger taxi

Car model M-21, M-21B, M-21V, M-21I, M-21L, GAZ-21R, GAZ-21US passenger, passenger, general use

Car model M-21D, M-21E, M-21K, M-21M, M-21P, GAZ-21S, GAZ-21N passenger, passenger, export equipment

Number of seats (including driver's seat) 5
dimensions(nominal):
Length 4770mm (second edition) 4830mm (third edition)
Width 1800 mm
height in running order without load 1620 mm
Base (distance between axes) 2700 mm
Front wheel track 1410 mm
Rear wheel track 1420 mm
The lowest points of the car full load with normal tire pressure:
front suspension cross member 200 mm
muffler pipe 190 mm
Rear axle housing (on flange) 190 mm
The smallest turning radius along the track of the outer wheel is 6.3 m
Approach angles with full load:

Front 27°
rear 19°
The highest speed with a rated load on horizontal sections of a flat highway 130 km / h
Vehicle weight (dry) 1360 kg

Note. The dry weight of the vehicle does not include the weight of fuel, water, lubricants, spare wheel and driver's tool kit, totaling approximately 100 kg.

Fuel grade Automobile gasoline A-72
Control consumption of gasoline in the summer on a flat highway with a full load at a speed of 40-50 km / h. No more than 9 liters per 100 km

Note. The control consumption of gasoline is an indicator that determines the health of the car. The rate of consumption of gasoline is not set by the plant. The temporary state rate of gasoline consumption is 13.5 liters per 100 kilometers.

Engine and chassis serial numbers are on a plate located under the hood. The engine number is also stamped on the cylinder block on the left side, in the middle of the upper part.

ENGINE

Type Four-stroke, carburetor, gasoline.
Number and arrangement of cylinders 4, vertically in one row.
Bore 92 mm
Stroke 92 mm
Working volume 2.445 l
Compression ratio 6.6
Power and speed 70 hp at 4000 rpm
Torque maximum 17 kgm
Cylinder order 1-2-4-3
Engine suspension At 3 points on rubber cushions: two in front and one in the rear.
Cylinder block Cast aluminum alloy, wet
easily removable cast iron sleeves. In the upper part they have an insert made of anti-corrosion wear-resistant cast iron.
Block head Aluminum alloy.
Pistons Made of aluminum alloy, tin-plated.
Piston rings 2 compression rings and 1 oil scraper ring on each piston.
The top compression ring is chrome-plated, the rest are tin-plated.
Number of crankshaft bearings 5
Crankshaft - cast magnesium iron with counterweights, statically and dynamically balanced. The surface of the necks is hardened.
Bearing shells Thin-walled, bimetallic.
Camshaft and its drive Steel, forged, driven by a pair of gears
Distribution phases (with a calculated gap: Inlet: opening 24 ° before TDC, closing 64 ° after BDC. 0.35 mm between rocker arm and valve). Release: opening 50° before BDC, closing 22° after TDC.

Valves. The upper ones are installed in the head of the block, vertically in one row.
Plate diameter inlet valve: 44mm, exhaust-36mm
Valve seats Plug-in. Made from special cast iron.
Push rods Made of duralumin with steel tips.
Rocker arms Steel, forged, equipped with an adjusting bolt and
locknut to set the clearance between the valve and the rocker arm.
Gas pipeline Located on the right side of the engine. In the central part
gas pipeline has an automatically operating device for heating the working
mixture, equipped with a control valve.
Muffler Oval shape with asbestos heat and sound insulation.
Lubrication system Combined. crankshaft and camshaft bearings, connecting rod bearings, rocker arm bearings and upper rod ends are lubricated under pressure, the rest of the parts are splash lubricated.
Oil sump Steel, forged
Oil intake from the crankcase Floating oil receiver
Oil filters Two: coarse cleaning - lamellar, filtering 100% of the oil supplied by the pump to the line, and fine cleaning - with a replaceable filter element, partial filtration.
Fine filter elements Replaceable, type DASFO-2
Oil system valves Two: a piston-type pressure reducing valve - installed on the right side (it is forbidden to change their adjustment) of the engine, in the front part, and a bypass valve - in the coarse filter housing
Crankcase ventilation Forced
Air filter ...... Inertial oil, mesh with suction silencer
Carburetor Type K-22I or K-105. (second issue) Type K-124. (third issue)
Gasoline pump Diaphragm, with an upper sump in which a strainer is placed, and a lever for manual pumping
Gasoline tank Forged from two halves, located in the rear of the body under the floor.
Engine cooling system Liquid, closed, with forced circulation.
Radiator Tubular, with corrugated plates between the tubes, three-row.
Radiator cap Sealed. Equipped with two valves.
Radiator Shutters Installed in front of the radiator. The size of the opening of the valves. manually adjustable from the driver's seat.
The thermostat is installed in the branch pipe of the block head. The thermostat valve starts to open at a coolant temperature of 70°C: the valve opens fully at a coolant temperature of 83°C
Water pump Centrifugal with mechanical self-tightening gland
Fan Four-bladed, stamped
Drive fan and water pump V-belt from the crankshaft.

CHASSIS

Clutch Single disc dry with hydraulic release
Clutch Cylinder Size Master Cylinder Diameter 22mm
Working cylinder diameter 24 mm
Gearbox Mechanical, three-speed, has three gears forward and one back. It is equipped with a synchronizer on the second and third gears.
The shift lever is mounted on the steering column
gear ratios

1 gear - 3.115
2nd gear - 1,772
3rd gear - 1,000
Reverse - 3,738
cardan gear open type. It has two shafts and three cardan shafts with needle bearings. Equipped with an intermediate support.
Rear axle Split, with a cast iron crankcase and a forged steel cover, connected by a flange in a vertical plane
Main gear Hypoid. Gear ratio - 4,555 (41: 9)
Differential Tapered, with two satellites
Axles Flanged, semi-floating
Power transmission from the rear axle The pushing force and reaction moment of the rear axle are taken up by the springs.

CHASSIS

Wheels Stamped, disk. The spare wheel fits in the trunk.
Tires Low pressure, size 6.70 - 15
Front wheel hubs Cast from ductile iron, on ball angular contact bearings.
Front suspension Independent, linkage, on twisted coil springs, mounted on a detachable cross member. All hinges of the suspension arms are made using threaded pins and bushings.
Stabilizer roll stability Torsion type, located in front of the front suspension.
Front shock absorbers Hydraulic, piston, lever, double-acting.
Rear suspension Spring. Leaf springs, longitudinal, semi-elliptic, covered with covers. All suspension joints are equipped with rubber bushings.

Rear shock absorbers Hydraulic, piston, linkage, (second issue) telescopic (third issue)

Frame Short frame at the front of the vehicle only.

STEERING

Steering type Globoidal worm with double roller
Gear ratio 18.2 (average)
Wheel Diameter 430 mm with three spokes
Free travel of the steering wheel In the position of movement in a straight line - no more than 5 °, in extreme positions - up to 30 °
steering trapezoid Front

BRAKES

Main Shoe, on all 4 wheels
Parking brake Central, drum type
Brake drive Foot hydraulic - acts on all four wheels from the pedal. Manual mechanical - operates from a lever located under the instrument panel.
The size brake cylinders: Diameters of the main and wheel brake cylinders - 32 mm

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS

Rated voltage in the network 12 volts
Wiring system Single wire,

"plus" is connected to "mass" (until 1960),

"minus" connected to "mass" (after 1960)
Generator Type G12 shunt, power 220 watts
Relay - Regulator Type PP24. It has three machines: reverse current relay, regulator
voltage and current limiter.
Accumulator battery Type 6-STE-54-EM with a capacity of 54 a.m. h.
Ignition and starter switch Type VK21
Ignition coil Type B7, with additional resistance, automatically switched off when the engine is started by a starter
Ignition distributor Type R-3B, with centrifugal and vacuum ignition timing controller and octane corrector.
Glow plugs With thermal characteristic A14U (A11). thread diameter 14 mm
Extinguishing resistance Type SE12; included in the high voltage wire circuit of each spark plug
Starter Type CT21 with remote control
Starter relay Type PC24
Light switch reversing Type VK20-B
Central light switch Type P38
Foot Light Switch Type P39
Headlights Type FG21, with "distant" and "dipped" beam. Semi-collapsible optical elements with lamps in 50X21 candle are installed in the headlights
Sidelights Type PF21, with double-filament lamps in 6X21 candle for indicating turn and parking light.
Rear lights Type FP25, provide rear position light, stop light, white light when reversing and indicate the direction of the turn.
Equipped with double-filament lamps in 6x21 candles and single-filament lamps in 21 candles
License plate light With 6 candles
Plafond Type PK4 with a lamp of 6 candles
Plafond switches Manual, type VK24-A and two door type VK2-A
Underhood lamp Type PD1K with a switch and a lamp of 3 candles
Power socket For switching on a portable lamp; located under the instrument panel
Trunk lighting type FP12, turns on automatically when the trunk lid is opened (when the parking light is on)
Portable lamp Type PLT-36 with a lamp of 15 candles
Light switch "Stop" Type VK19
Sound signals Type C28 and C29. Set of two tones
Signal Relay Type RS3-B
Fuses Push-button bimetallic fuse type PR2-B in the lighting circuit. Three fuses in the block type PR12-V2
Electrical wire connectors Type PS2-A2 - 2 pcs. PS-1-A2 - 4 pcs.
Low Voltage Wire Type AOL
Cigarette Lighter Type PT4
Turn signal switch Type П43
Turn signal interrupter Type PC55.

Heater fan electric motor Type ME13 with a power of 20 watts
Electric motor switch Type P42 with rheostat and turn signal lamp
Windshield wiper Type SL45, electric, with two brushes. Has a two speed switch.
The instrument cluster Type KP21 consists of an ammeter, a gasoline level gauge, an oil pressure gauge, a water temperature gauge and a speedometer with a distance meter. Illuminated by 4 lamps in 1 candle
Pilot lamp water temperature (Red) Type PD-20-V with MM7 sensor. Lights up when the water temperature rises to 92-98C
Hand brake warning lamp (red) Type PD20 with switch type VK2-A. Lights up when the handbrake is applied and the ignition is on.
High Beam Warning Lamp Illuminates when the high beams are on
The turn signal indicator light flashes when the turn signal is on
Hours Type АЧВ with electric winding from the accumulator battery. Illuminated by two lamps in 1 candle
Radio

(taxi cars do not have a receiver)

The first issue of Type A-8, dual-range, with smooth and push-button tuning (with a plus on the case) the second issue of Type A-12, dual-range, with smooth and push-button tuning (with a plus on the case until 1960, and, accordingly, with a minus after 1960 ), power supply unit BP-12 or VP-9

The third issue of Type A-18, Tri-band, with smooth and push-button tuning (with a minus on the case), power supply P4A (P4V)

Antenna Type АР41-B telescopic

BODY

Body Closed, four-door, all-metal, load-bearing
Body equipment Rear rack. Storage box in instrument panel, windshield wiper, mirror, 2 sun visors, ashtray, cigarette lighter, body heater and windshield defroster
Seats Front and rear, soft, spring. The front seat is adjustable, has a folding backrest that allows you to turn the seat into a bed.
Hood One-piece front opening
Heating, ventilation and windshield blowing Fresh air entering the body through the ventilation hatch is heated by a water heating radiator and supplied by an electric fan to the front compartment of the body and to blow the windshield. In summer, the heating radiator is switched off and the system is used as supply ventilation. In addition, ventilation is carried out by lowering the windows in the doors and turning part of the front door glass

EQUIPMENT

The driver's tool is attached to the car: two bags with a set of tools, a jack, a starting handle, a hand pump and a portable lamp.

REFILLING CAPACITIES AND RATES

Petrol tank 60 l
Cooling system 11.5 l
Engine lubrication system 6.2 l
Air filter 0.3 l
Transmission housing 0.8 l
Rear axle housing 0.9 l
Steering gear housing 0.25 l
Central lubrication system 0.6 l
Front shock absorbers 0.235 l (each)
Rear shock absorbers 0.145 l (each)
Brake and clutch drive system 0.7 l
Front hubs 120 g (each)

ADJUSTMENT DATA

Gap between rocker arm and valve. 0.25 mm, cold engine.
Oil pressure in the engine (for control, not subject to adjustment) From 2 to 4 kg / cm2 at a speed of 50 km / h. On a cold run. For a warm engine - at least 0.5 kg / cm2
Fan belt deflection 10 - 15 mm
The gap between the electrodes of the candles 0.8 - 0.9 mm
Breaker gap 0.35 - 0.45 mm
Normal water temperature in the radiator is 75 - 85°C
Clutch pedal free travel 32 - 40 mm
Brake pedal free play 10 - 15 mm
Tire pressure 1.7 kg/cm2

GAZ-21 "Volga" - Soviet a car with a sedan body. Until 1965, it was called the GAZ-M21 Volga. It was mass-produced from 1956 (until 1958 in parallel with the GAZ-M20 Pobeda) to 1970. The total output of GAZ-21 of all modifications is 638,798 copies (according to the serial number of the last car that rolled off the assembly line). Became the most successful car of domestic development for all the years of the existence of the USSR.

History of creation

The development of the car began in 1952. At first, work was carried out on two independent projects GAZ-M21 Zvezda and GAZ-M21 Volga. The first project was led by the artist John Williams, the second - by Lev Eremeev. In 1953, mock-ups of two machines were built. Williams' project looked more advanced, but Eremeev's car was more in line with the realities of that time. In the further development of the future car, the project of Lev Eremeev was adopted. In the same 1953, A. Nevzorov was appointed the lead designer of the GAZ-M21, who worked under the supervision of the chief designer of the Gorky Automobile Plant N. Borisov.

At the end of winter or early spring of 1954, the first prototypes of the future Volga were ready and entered for preliminary tests. On May 3, 1955, three cars - cherry red (prototype 1), blue (prototype 2) and white (prototype 3) - left the gates of the Gorky plant and went to state acceptance tests. Together with them, other domestic cars and cars were tested. foreign production the same class as the Volga. All prototypes differed from each other in details, two of them were equipped with an automatic transmission, one with a manual one.
The vehicles have been tested in a wide variety of road conditions and showed nice results. New car was more economical and more dynamic than Pobeda, outperformed the outdated ZIM in terms of dynamics, and was ahead of foreign counterparts in terms of reliability and cross-country ability. In addition, the Volga favorably differed from foreign-made cars with a harmonious design.

Photo: In 1954, the construction of prototypes of the GAZ-21 began

In May 1955, the Gorky plant produced another, fourth copy of the Volga. It was transferred to the Murom Radio Plant for debugging the A-9 radio receiver, which was equipped with the car (in some versions). In the summer of 1955, all but the first prototypes were slightly upgraded, receiving a new radiator grille (with a star).
The first series of five cars was assembled at the plant in October 1956. On October 10, 1956, the first three Volgas, which can be called serial, left the factory gates. Five new machines joined prototypes 1,2 and 3 to take part in extensive testing at the end of 1956. These five production vehicles were equipped with engines from the GAZ-M20, boosted to 65 hp. for installation on the export version of the GAZ-69 jeep. Cars equipped mechanical boxes gears. The final tests of the Volga took place in taxi companies under conditions of intensive use, which made it possible to quickly eliminate many of the “childhood diseases” of the new car.

Modifications of the GAZ-M21 within the "issues"

The GAZ-M21 Volga car of the first "release" was produced from 1956 to November 1958. Until the end of 1957, it was equipped with a lower valve engine with a displacement of 2.42 liters (2420 cc), with a power of 65 hp. at 3800 rpm. Borrowed from Pobeda, this engine was boosted by increasing the working volume (cylinder bore) and compression ratio. In total, 1100 copies of the Volga were produced with such an engine.
GAZ-M21G - in addition to the forced engine from the GAZ-M20, Pobeda was equipped with a rear axle borrowed from the ZIM car with shortened axle shafts and their casings. Distinctive feature of all cars of the first "release" is the "plus" of the electrical equipment system brought to the body.
GAZ-M21B - a car with a boosted engine from Pobeda, a modification for a taxi with a simplified finish. GAZ-M21 - produced since 1957 with a new engine ZMZ-21 of the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant (specially built for the production of "Volgovsk" engines). The engine had a working volume of 2.445 liters and a power of 70 hp. The motor was an overhead valve, entirely aluminum (the main parts are the crankcase, cylinder block, pipes) and for its time it was distinguished by many progressive solutions. Also, a three-speed automatic transmission with a torque converter was installed on the modification under the M21 index.
GAZ-M21V - a serial car with a ZMZ-21 engine.
GAZ-M21A - a taxi with a ZMZ-21 engine (based on the GAZ-21V).
GAZ-M21D - export modification with forced up to 80 hp. engine and manual gearbox. The design is complemented by a belt chrome molding.
GAZ-M21E - export modification with an 80 hp engine. and automatic gearbox.
The GAZ-M21 car of the second "release" was produced from 1959 to 1962. The "issue" of 1958-1959 is considered transitional. The changes were introduced gradually and concerned the design of the body, the increase in the wheel arches of the front fenders, the change in electrical wiring (“polarity reversal” in 1960, “minus” was applied to the body, which reduced current losses and the intensity of metal corrosion). The total volume of production of cars of the second "release" amounted to 160 thousand copies.
GAZ-M21I - the base model.

GAZ-M21A - taxi.

GAZ-M21 - a car with automatic transmission. It is not known whether it was actually produced (there is no information about this).
GAZ-M21E is another modification with automatic transmission, released in a very limited series.
GAZ-M21U - luxury modification with improved finish, but with a conventional engine.

GAZ-M21K - export modification with a 75 or 80 hp engine. and additional trim elements (chrome inserts). The GAZ-M21 car of the third "release" was produced from 1962 to 1970. The car received a new grille of 37 chrome vertical plates. The deer figurine and molding disappeared from the hood (the deer was not always installed on cars of the second "release" - it was removed for security reasons). The number of chrome decorative parts has been reduced. Body lines have become smoother and more harmonious. The modification with automatic transmission was removed from the production line, the lever shock absorbers were replaced with telescopic shock absorbers, it was increased to 75 hp. engine power for the basic serial modification. The total volume of production of cars of the third "release" amounted to 470 thousand copies.

GAZ-M21L - the main serial sedan.
GAZ-M21L - export modification.
GAZ-M21U - modification "luxury", differed from the serial car with moldings on the wings.
GAZ-M21T - a modification of a taxi with separate front seats. Passenger front seat folded to make room for cargo.

In 1962, on the basis of the GAZ-M21, the GAZ-M22 car with a station wagon was created and put on the conveyor. It was produced in various versions - as a "civilian" general purpose vehicle, as " Ambulance”, aircraft escort vehicle for airports and so on.

At the same time, a small series of GAZ-23 cars was produced - a high-speed modification of the GAZ-M21 with a power unit from the GAZ-13 "Seagull" (automatic transmission, 8-cylinder engine with a capacity of 160, and later 195 hp). This car was intended for law enforcement agencies (in particular, the KGB) and was produced in the amount of 608 copies.
In 1965, the Volga of the third "release" underwent the last modernization. The heater was improved, the body design was slightly changed. At the same time, the letter “M” disappeared from the index of models (that is, “Molotovets”, until 1957 GAZ was called the Gorky Automobile Plant named after Molotov). The main modifications of the Volga began to be designated as follows:
GAZ-21 - the basic version.
GAZ-21S - export modification with improved finish and equipment. 85 hp engine
GAZ-21US - a model with improved finish for the domestic market and partly for export. Engine 75 hp
GAZ-21T - modification for a taxi.
GAZ-21TS - an export version of a taxi (delivered to many countries of the world, including Finland, the GDR).
In 1968, the first small batch of cars of the new GAZ-24 model was produced (using bypass technology). Until 1970, both models were produced in parallel. On July 15, 1970, the production of the GAZ-21 of all modifications was discontinued.

Design features - disadvantages and advantages

The number of modifications of the GAZ-21 car is extremely large. In fact, under the common name Volga, GAZ produced similar outwardly and basic characteristics different cars. For example, the GAZ-23, built on the GAZ-13 Chaika units, had high-speed characteristics that are characteristic of modern passenger cars. And the GAZ-M21 of the first experimental releases did not differ much in the same speed characteristics from the serial GAZ-M20 "Victory".

In the design of the "Volga" of all "issues" there were many archaic features even for those years. In particular, telescopic shock absorbers (instead of lever ones) came to the Volga with a great delay. The automatic gearbox never took root (Soviet automakers were never able to master its mass production). hydraulic brakes and steering was not equipped with amplifiers, driving a heavy machine required physical effort from the driver. Central type parking brake ( drum brake, similar in design to a wheeled one, was installed on the gearbox shank and acted through cardan shaft on leading rear axle) was inefficient and unreliable. When trying to emergency stop the car with a parking brake, the latter broke. Until 1960, the Volga was equipped with a centralized lubrication system - driven by a special pedal. This solution was used on foreign (German) cars of the 30s and 40s. Finally, the three-speed manual gearbox had a synchronizer for only two higher gears, which was a completely outdated solution for the second half of the 60s.
However, there were also real discoveries. The Volga designers managed to create a car that attracts attention with its impeccable design forty years after the car was discontinued. High body strength - due to precise calculation power elements- gave rise to numerous myths about the "thick metal" from which they were allegedly stamped body parts car (in fact, the metal used was the same as in the foreign automotive industry).
"Volga" was distinguished by high resistance to corrosion - due to the special treatment of the body by "phosphating". The quality of painting the car bodies of the first and second "issues" is such that some of them do not require repainting to this day. Special mention should be made ZMZ engine-21, produced in a huge number of modifications. It found application on Soviet minibuses, was installed on boats, and was exported abroad. A modification of this engine - UMZ-451MI - was installed on UAZ-469 off-road vehicles, which were in service with the Soviet Army.
The high quality of manufacture of the GAZ-21, especially the second and the beginning of the third "issues" (there are very few cars of the first "release" left), the high degree of unification of parts with GAZ and UAZ vehicles, the impeccable reputation of a reliable car led to the fact that the market for cars of this brand exists and today. Cars are restored, maintained in working condition, resold and find new owners. True, only a relatively small part of GAZ-21 owners use these cars for daily driving. Basically, these are exhibits of private collections or cars for episodic trips and walks.

Magazine "Behind the wheel" about GAZ-21

New in the car "Volga"

The engine of the car "Volga" is a four-cylinder four-stroke, gasoline, carburetor, overhead valve, in-line vertical arrangement of cylinders and water-cooled. The working volume of the engine cylinders is 2.445 liters. The piston stroke is assumed to be equal to the cylinder diameter (92 mm), that is, the engine is "square".

The relatively small stroke of the piston also led to its low speed, as a result of which the piston path per 1 km of the car's run is also small. This ensured low wear of the cylinder-piston group and high durability of the assembly. The crankshaft is five-bearing with a large working surface of both connecting rod and main bearings. As a result, the specific loads on the bearings are relatively small. The camshaft is supported by five bearings made of steel-babbitt strip. The valve seats are made of alloyed cast iron with high hardness and high temperature and impact loads. Valve guide bushings are made of sintered metal with high wear resistance. The valves are made of heat resistant steel. All critical surfaces subject to abrasion: cams and camshaft journals, tappets, tappet rod tips, rocker arms, rocker arm adjusting screws, etc. - made of special material and subjected to heat treatment. Inserts made of acid-resistant wear-resistant cast iron are installed in the upper part of the cylinders. Friction surfaces are lubricated under pressure with AC-8 oil. Two filters are installed in the lubrication system: a coarse filter that passes all the oil pumped into the system by the oil pump, and a fine filter that is connected in parallel to the system and passes only part of the oil.

As a result of these design and technological measures, the durability of the engine (operating time up to overhaul) installed 180 thousand km of car mileage on class 1 roads. However, if the care instructions are followed, the durability of the engine reaches 250 and even up to 300 thousand km of the car's run.

With this design of the gas pipeline with heating of the central part of the intake pipe with exhaust gases, which ensures uniform distribution of the hot mixture over the cylinders, as well as with optimal opening phases of the intake and exhaust valves, the engine develops a power of 75 hp. at 4000 rpm of the crankshaft. The compression ratio is assumed to be 6.7:1 based on the use of A-72 gasoline. It is allowed to use A-76 gasoline, but in this case it is necessary to slightly increase the ignition timing. Engine modifications are also available with compression ratios of 7.15:1 (80 hp, gasoline A-76) and 7.65:1 (85 hp, gasoline A-80).

The design of the engine provides convenient access to all units for their maintenance: the starter, gasoline pump, ignition distributor-interrupter and oil level indicator are located on the left side of the engine in accessible places, and the oil coarse filter, generator, water drain valve from the cylinder block and carburetor are on the right side. The water pump bearing oiler is accessed from the left side of the engine. The sufficiency of the amount of injected lubricant is determined visually through the hole in the pump pulley (by the output of the lubricant from the control hole on the pump housing). The gap between the rocker arms and valves is adjusted with the rocker arm cover removed, access to them is very convenient. The design of the engine also provides for the possibility of easy repair. For this purpose, the cylinders are made in the form of separate parts - “wet” liners that are easily inserted into the cylinder block, and the main and connecting rod bearings have thin-walled steel-babbit liners that can be replaced without resorting to the services of repair plants, and sometimes even without removing the engine from the car .

Aluminum alloys are widely used for the manufacture of engine parts; in addition to such an aluminum part as a piston, the main body parts are also made of aluminum alloy: cylinder block, clutch housing, cylinder head, timing gear cover, water pump bracket, water jacket outlet pipe, housing oil filter, oil pump housing. As a result of the widespread use of aluminum alloys, the engine is assembled with equipment, clutch and gearbox, but without air filter and the fan only weighs 200 kg. Detailed description design features engine is shown below.

BRIEF TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Engine type: Four-stroke, carburetor, gasoline, overhead valve, four-cylinder
Cylinder arrangement: Vertical, in line
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke in mm: 92X92
Cylinder displacement in l: 2.445
Cylinder firing order: 1–2–4–3
Compression ratio: 6.7
Fuel: Gasoline A-72 (A-76, A-80)
Maximum power at 4000 rpm in l. p.: 75 (80, 85)
Maximum torque at 2000 rpm in kGm: 17 (18, 19)

When they talk about the engine for the GAZ 21 car, they mean the ZMZ 21 model. But the serial production of the Volga began without the participation of this internal combustion engine (ICE),
On the first samples of the "twenty-first" an improved lower valve was installed. Only after some time a new power unit went into the series, firmly taking the lead.

An example of a classic Volga 21 in gray

A new overhead valve engine for (later GAZ 21) began to be developed back in 1954 - at first it was equipped with a chain drive. But it did not go into the series, for the first time the modified internal combustion engine appeared in the series only from the middle of 1957, almost a year after the start of production of the car.

At first he was engaged in assembling the engine, but in November 1959 the engine for the Volga began to be produced in the city of Zavolzhye, Gorky Region. The new ICE received the ZMZ 21 index, and was in production until the end of the production of the GAZ 21 car (until 1970).

To date, the ZMZ 21 motor model could be considered obsolete, if not for some points. The fact is that the Ulyanovsk Motor Plant took the model of this engine as a basis.

This is how the ZMZ 21 engine installed on the twenty-first Volga looks like

For example, the UMP 417 brand in the main parts (including the block, block head and piston group) is practically no different from the base model 21. On the first Ulyanovsk engines (UMZ 451), a crankshaft from the Volgovsky motor was also installed, but UMZ 417 of the first issues were already equipped with a shaft from the 402nd engine.

And in the 2000s, the gland packing finally disappeared in the design, the crankshaft received a rear oil seal from the VAZ 2108.

The modern three-liter internal combustion engine UMP also has the roots of ZMZ 21, circuit diagram motor operation is the same as the prototype.

Typical malfunctions

Like any other motor, ZMZ 21 has its most vulnerabilities. Here is some of them:

Engine disassembly

To carry out a major overhaul of the engine, it is first dismantled from the car, and then disassembled. So, the order of disassembly:

1. Drain first engine oil from the engine sump. To drain, unscrew the plug located at the bottom of the oil sump.
2. We start disassembly from the top. We unscrew the valve cover, it is attached with 6 bolts.
3. We unscrew the 4 nuts of the rocker arm axle and dismantle the axle. We take out 8 push rods.
4. We turn off 10 nuts securing the cylinder head, and remove the cylinder head assembly with manifolds and carburetor.
5. We twist the two nuts of the distributor drive and take it out.
6. Everything, disassembly from above is finished. We turn the engine over and dismantle the engine tray. It is attached with 18 nuts. Usually the crankcase sticks in place, so do not be afraid to make some effort to remove it. The main thing is to unscrew all the nuts.

   

   It looks like the crankcase of the Volga 21

7. Then we dismantle oil pump, it is mounted on two studs and fixed with nuts.
8. The next step is to unscrew the ratchet. You can use a wrench, but many minders remove the ratchet with sharp hammer blows of 0.8 kg. The main thing is to move the ratchet from its place, then it is easily twisted by hand.
9. We dismantle the crankshaft pulley - it is fastened with six bolts.
10. Then you need to compress the crankshaft hub. This will require a puller. You can try to do without a puller, using a soft metal drift (copper, bronze, brass) and a heavy hammer. But this method requires some skill.
11. We unscrew the cover of the timing gears (7 nuts), dismantle it.
12. We unscrew the nuts securing the connecting rod caps, remove the caps, knock out the pistons assembly with the connecting rod from the block.
    Knock out carefully, without damaging the parts. It is necessary to remove the connecting rods with the piston from the block one at a time, and not all at once. Lids should be snapped into place immediately. It should be remembered that the connecting rod caps must not be confused in places - they must be on the same connecting rods on which they stood before disassembly.
13. We unscrew the nuts from the main bearing caps (yokes), dismantle the caps and remove the crankshaft assembly with the flywheel, clutch and crankshaft gear. The yoke is also better to immediately bait in its place.
14. We remove the two pusher covers (each is attached to 1 nut), take out the pushers. There are two bolts under the timing gear, and at a certain position of the gear, the bolts can be unscrewed with a 12 socket wrench or socket. We turn off both bolts and take out the camshaft assembly with the gear.

    

The GAZ 21 model is a passenger car that was first introduced to the Russian automobile company GAZ (Gorky Automobile Factory) in October 1956. It was the first Volga in the domestic automotive industry. At that time, three cars were assembled, and already mass production of the model was launched in April 1957. The team that worked on the creation of the GAZ 21 included representatives of several countries: lead designer Alexander Nevzorov, designer Lev Yeremeev, American engineer Harry Ewart (development of an overhead valve engine) and Englishman John Williams, who was involved in a parallel exterior project. It is worth noting that in 1958 at the international exhibition in Brussels, where the best samples of the world industry were presented, the GAZ 21 Volga was awarded the Grand Prix. GAZ 21 was exported to 75 countries of the world.

For 14 years of production, the car has undergone various changes, both in appearance and in technical terms. 53 modifications were developed, differing in design, construction, and body shape (the body was all-metal). The most common are taxi, station wagon (GAZ 22), ambulance. There were also quite specific versions, like GAZ 21 AYu and GAZ 21 GYu, which were specially assembled to work in a tropical climate.

The first "Volga" were equipped with an automatic transmission (the first serial domestic car with automatic transmission), which was in turn original, and not borrowed from American automakers. But due to the fact that it required specialized repairs at official service stations, this limited sales in parts of the country remote from the capital. Therefore, it was decided to replace the “automatic” with a three-speed manual transmission with synchronizers in second and third gears. In total, about 700 cars were mass-produced with automatic boxes programs that were sold and donated mainly to famous people. Equipping with "automatic machines" by order was carried out until 1962.

Under the hood of a GAZ 21 car, a 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine was installed, the power of which was 75-80 Horse power. With such a power unit, the maximum speed of the car was 130 km / h. The pendant had telescopic shock absorbers instead of, typical for that time, lever. Note that there were also diesel copies of the 21st Volga. Diesel units, however, were foreign-made. First diesel engine for GAZ 21 there was an English 1.6-liter 48-horsepower Perkins. Then it was replaced by a 2.3-liter power unit from Rover with a capacity of 62 hp. And the last option was a “diesel” from Peugeot with a volume of 1.9 liters and 58 hp. A total of 167 diesel copies of the GAZ 21 were produced.

The interior of the GAZ 21 car was very spacious and had excellent visibility. The interior also underwent changes more than once during production. These include various options for the interior finishing materials used and various adjustments to the instrument cluster on the dashboard.

On July 15, 1970, the last Volga GAZ 21 was assembled. During the entire production period, 638,875 cars were assembled.