Composition and structure of cells. What is the most common inorganic substance on earth? Common structural features of the cells of all organisms

The most common substance on Earth It is generally accepted that the most common substance on Earth is water. However, this is not true. Surprisingly, the leadership belongs to ordinary sand, and water takes an honorable second

The most common tree What do you think is the most common tree in the territory of the former Soviet Union and the current Commonwealth of Independent States? Maybe you think pine? It really grows on a huge area of ​​109.5 million

The strongest animal on Earth What do you think is the strongest animal on Earth? Some will guess an elephant, some will say a lion, and some will say a rhinoceros. However, in reality, the most powerful animal on Earth is... the dung scarab beetle. Naturally, if

The most mysterious substance in the universe: ice Oxygen plus hydrogen plus cold creates ice. Here it is, under the thin snow grains - so clearly perceptible. Do we know what ice is? At first glance, this transparent substance seems very simple. In reality, the ice is hidden in

The most common natural disaster A high rise in water level, when the water flow overcomes natural and artificial barriers and floods usually dry lands - this is the definition of flood given by the encyclopedic dictionary

Plants and animals are different from each other. And yet there are characteristics common to the cells of all organisms.

Organic and mineral substances of the cell

Includes organic and inorganic (mineral) substances. Organic substances are formed in the cells of living organisms. These include proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Inorganic substances are widely distributed in inanimate nature. The most common inorganic substance is water. It is necessary for all cells and makes up about 70% of the cell mass. Water is a direct participant in many life processes: growth, nutrition, excretion, and movement of substances in the cell and body. Mineral salts (for example, table salt) are dissolved in water.

Squirrels

Proteins are complex organic compounds. The bodies of living organisms are built from proteins. They participate in all life processes. Plant proteins play an important role in the nutrition of animals and humans. Most proteins are found in plant seeds. Among animal proteins, you are familiar with the protein contained in a chicken egg. The diversity of proteins in the cells of one organism can reach several thousand species.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are necessary for all living organisms as a source of energy. These include glucose, sucrose, starch and other substances. Starch accumulates in potato tubers, bananas, and wheat seeds. In many animals, the carbohydrate glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles. Carbohydrates give strength to many parts of organisms, for example, they are part of wood. The carbohydrate chitin forms the outer covering of insects and crustaceans.

Fats

In the cells of living organisms, fats serve as a reserve source of energy and water. They are especially important for animals that hibernate (bears, gophers) or live in the desert (camels). Large reserves of fat are contained in the seeds of plants, such as sunflower and flax.

Common structural features of the cells of all organisms

A cell consists of interconnected parts. Each of them has a special structure and purpose. The outside of any cell is covered with a plasma membrane. The main role of the membrane is to protect the cell from external influences. The membrane has pores through which the contents of one cell communicate with the contents of other cells. Nutrients and water pass through the membrane into the cell, and waste products are removed from it.

Inside the cell there is cytoplasm - a viscous semi-liquid substance that is constantly moving. Various processes take place in the cytoplasm to ensure the life of the cell. It serves as an internal environment in which cellular structures are located that perform certain functions - organoids.

The most important and largest organelle of the cell is the nucleus. However, the cells of not all organisms contain it. The cells of bacteria, the most ancient organisms on Earth, have the simplest structure. In their cytoplasm there is a nuclear substance that has not yet formed into a nucleus. These organisms are called prenuclear (prokaryotes). The cells of fungi, plants and animals contain a nucleus and have a more complex structure. Such organisms are called nuclear (eukaryotes). According to scientists, hundreds of millions of years ago, life on Earth was represented exclusively by non-nuclear organisms, and only much later nuclear ones arose.

Biology test Chemical composition of a cell for 6th grade students with answers. The test consists of 2 options, each with 11 tasks.

1 option

1. The most common inorganic substance found in living organisms is

1) water
2) calcium salt
3) table salt
4) carbon dioxide

2. The main organic matter of a cell is

1) water
2) protein
3) starch
4) calcium salts

3. Sucrose, or beet sugar, which we eat every day, is

1) protein
2) fat
3) carbohydrate
4) nucleic acid

4. The importance of fats in the seal's body is that they

1) form a skeleton
2) participate in muscle contraction
3) store hereditary information
4) protect against heat loss

5. The main importance of nucleic acids in the body is associated with

1) storage of hereditary information
2) energy production
3) oxygen transport
4) wood formation

6.

A. The composition of the chemical elements that form the cells of all living organisms is similar.
B. Only animal organisms are made up of cells.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

7. Are the following statements true?

A. There are chemical elements that are found only in living organisms and are absent in inanimate nature.
B. Most chemical elements are found in the cell in the form of chemical compounds.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

8. Are the following statements true?

A. Water helps remove harmful substances from the body.
B. The main function of carbohydrates in a cell is energy.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

9. Look at the diagram. Indicate the chemical compound whose content in the cell is 70-80%.

1) water
2) proteins
3) carbon dioxide
4) mineral salt

10. Establish a correspondence between chemical compounds and the group of substances to which they belong.

Chemical compounds

1. Proteins
2. Fats
3. Water
4. Mineral salts

Group of substances

A. Organic matter
B. Inorganic substances

11.

Answer the questions.

1. Indicate the chemical elements that form the basis of the cell.
2. What is the importance of calcium salts in living nature?

Option 2

1. Most chemical reactions that occur in a cell require an environment

1) alcohol
2) water
3) air
4) fat

2. The most common salt in living organisms

1) magnesium salt
2) sodium salt
3) phosphorus salt
4) lithium salt

3. The starch contained in potato tubers is

1) protein
2) fat
3) carbohydrate
4) nucleic acid

4. The main source of substances in the cell is

1) proteins
2) carbohydrates
3) mineral salts
4) nucleic acids

5. The transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to children is carried out

1) fats
2) carbohydrates
3) nucleic acids
4) mineral salts

6. Are the following statements true?

A. Living organisms are made up of cells.
B. The chemical element carbon is widespread in living nature.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

7. Are the following statements true?

A. The percentage of different chemical elements in a cell is different.
B. Chemical elements found in living nature are widely distributed in inanimate nature.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

8. Are the following statements true?

A. Proteins make up about half of all organic substances in the cell.
B. Fats are part of inanimate bodies.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

9. The picture shows a mollusk shell. Identify the chemical compound that is part of the shell.

1) fats
2) proteins
3) calcium salts
4) nucleic acids

10. Establish a correspondence between chemical compounds and the group of substances to which they belong.

Chemical compounds

1. Carbohydrates
2. Water
3. Mineral salts
4. Nucleic acids

Group of substances

A. Organic matter
B. Inorganic substances

11. Analyze the tabular data.

Prevalence of chemical elements in inanimate nature

Answer the questions.

1. Are there chemical elements that are found only in living organisms?
2. What chemical element is widespread in inanimate and living nature?

Answer to a biology test: Chemical composition of a cell
1 option
1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 5-1, 6-1, 7-2, 8-3, 9-1
10-AABB
11.
1. O, C, H, N - together they make up 98% of the contents of the cell.
2. They are part of bone tissue and mollusk shells.
Option 2
1-2, 2-2, 3-3, 4-2, 5-3, 6-3, 7-3, 8-1, 9-3
10-ABBA
11.
1. No. Elements that are found in living nature are also found in inanimate nature.
2. Oxygen.

the most abundant substance on earth

Melted Ice

The most common liquid on earth

Transparent colorless liquid

. "It's not beer that kills people, it's people..."

. "Off a duck's back..."

. "Don't spill..."

. "Under a lying stone... it doesn't flow"

. "ash two O"

. “It lives in seas and rivers, but often flies across the sky, and when it gets bored of flying, it falls to the ground again” (riddle)

. “quiet... the shores are washing away” (last)

. “subtle matter” that found itself on the first step of the “ladder of nature”, built in the 18th century by the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet

You are life

65% of the human body

Without her, “neither here nor here”

There is no life without her

Most vodka

They usually hide the ends in it

The most important inorganic substance for us

Vodka without alcohol

Vodka without alcohol

Hydrogen+ oxygen

Second to water and copper pipes

Carbonated...

Hot and cold in the tap

Kills people, unlike beer

Destroyer of people (song)

Distilled...

Jewel in the Desert

Friends, don't spill...

It is not pounded in a mortar

It waters the garden and vegetable garden

Liquid cradle of life

Liquid

Liquid without taste, color or odor

Liquid in the bath

The liquid that flows in empty speeches

Liquid that has leaked a lot

Liquid necessary for the existence of all living things

What is a snowflake made of?

It was in this drop that the Roman sages advised to look “if you want to know the world.”

What coolant is usually used to cool a boiling reactor?

The stone sharpens

Painting by Russian artist S. Chuikov "Live..."

Well...

Concrete component

Vodka component

There is too much in vodka, according to drunkards

The best remedy for thirst

Flowing from the tap

An insignificant component of vodka

Mineralka

Mineral in a bottle

Mineral, carbonated

Muddy after ice drift

We drink it and bathe in it

We drink it and enjoy it

Pour into a bucket or glass

Pour into a kettle to boil

Filler for baths and seas

A prerequisite for life

One of the most common substances in nature

It turns out that you can get out of it dry

Deuterium oxide or heavy...

It flows in empty speeches

It can flow or it can drip

It does not flow under a lying stone

The basis of all life on Earth

The basis of life

Fresh milk in the night lake

Partner of fire and copper pipes

Drinking union of two gases

Rain Flesh

Flesh of the sea

According to the French chemist Leonel, the molecule of this substance resembles a peach with two apricots attached to its sides

The herbal liqueur "Danzig Gold...", popular in Germany, contains tiny particles of gold leaf.

Fresh...

Fresh in the lake

Fresh in the pond

Fresh liquid in a pond

A transparent, colorless liquid that is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen

Flow in Jacuzzi

Hide and seek for ends

Melted Ice

Fish habitat

Escaped from the bucket

Seventh liquid on jelly

Seventh on jelly

Liquefied ice

According to the Kazakh proverb, without flaw only God, without dirt - only she

Contents. sieve according to the saying

Contents of the clepsydra

Contents of the river and sea

Contents of the samovar

Salty in the sea

Salty moisture of the sea

Salty sea...

Rescue from thirst

This is the name for the linear part of the distance for one boat

Shower turnover

Faucet leaking

What fish “breathe”

Something that won't spoil true friendship

What they carry to the offended

What is poured from the tap

Outdated ancient constellation

Quenches thirst

Film by A. A. Rowe "Fire, ... and Copper Pipes"

A chemical substance without which neither a person nor an animal can survive long.

Chemical substance in the form of a clear liquid

Walks without legs, sleeves without arms, mouth without speech (riddle)

How to dilute alcohol

What in Taoism has become a symbol of the triumph of visible weakness over strength

What boils in a samovar

What measured time in the ancient clepsydra

Not boiling. tea without sugar and tea leaves

Partner of fire and copper pipes

Don't drink it off your face, as the saying goes.

Contents of the cistern