Social roles of modern women as perceived by students. The position of women in society The position of women in modern society

And home comfort. The role of a woman in the family is very important, because many men are not able to take care of themselves. A well-kept house, clean dishes, a delicious dinner and beautiful curtains that match the room - these are all the merits of a woman. If there is no woman's hand in the house, then the entire environment is devoid of comfort. Children also cannot be born without a woman. Growing up without a mother, a child does not receive all the knowledge and skills; his psychology is very different from the psychology of other children.

Woman in ancient times

Was this the role of a woman in the family, as it is described in the story about the cat who walked by herself? In ancient times, a woman did not deal with the extraction of food; her duty was to wait for her husband in a cave, fry a mammoth caught by a man, equip a family nest, and raise children. At that time, people lived in groups; a woman could not choose a man. The man was the initiator and chose a healthy female. Later, women began to participate in the hunt; their task was to drive the animal into a trap with stones, and then the men would knock it down.

In Antiquity, when the minds of people became more developed, women in many countries were worshiped, protected and listened to, completely trusted with power. IN Ancient Greece The role of women in the family and society was purely of a state nature. Her task was to tell her husband what and how to do correctly, to guide him. At that time there were no love marriages; all relationships and families were built on political interests. Having children was also a task set by the state. If a woman could not have children, then the man had every right to bring another into the house. He, of course, did not marry her, his wife remained the same, but the relationship was in front of everyone, and this was considered the norm. If such a common-law wife gave birth to children, then they became full heirs.

Women in the history of government

Women have always been distinguished by their flexible mind and cunning. Many rulers achieved the throne thanks to these qualities. Some knew how to twist their husbands so much that history was built according to their scenario. The role of women in the royal family was not the last, no matter how many may think. One has only to remember the beautiful Ukrainian girl Roksolana, who, due to her intelligence and beauty, became the beloved wife of the eastern ruler, relegating the previous one to the background. She became not only a wife, but also a friend, which rarely happens in Eastern families. She was his closest adviser, and her husband did everything that Roksolana, a former captive of the Tatars and concubine, advised him. In the history of Russia, Elizabeth and Catherine were also strong. And the wives of the Russian tsars had no less power than the ruler himself.

Women of the East

The role of a woman in an Eastern family is the last. In such families, she has no right to vote or choice. In many Eastern countries, a woman is not even considered a human being; she lives separately from her husband, doing absolutely all the housework, no matter how hard it may be. A woman has no right to sit at the same table with men or enter a mosque when there are men there. Her role is to give birth to sons. The birth of daughters often causes anger, daughters become slaves like their mother, they begin to work in the fields and around the house from the very beginning. early childhood, take care of brothers and father. Girls are married off early so as not to waste extra food on them. If no one takes a girl as a wife, she becomes a disgrace to the family, has no right to have any relationships with men, only takes care of her sisters’ children and helps her brothers’ wives.

During Soviet times, it was the woman who was responsible for the safety of the family, raising children and their future lives. No matter what happens in the family: the husband got drunk and was fired from work, the son brought a bad mark in his diary, the woman is to blame. At that time, a woman did not wash her dirty laundry in public, she hid all problems from her friends and relatives, because the psychology of Soviet citizens was structured in such a way that a woman was responsible for all men’s mistakes. It was considered a shame that a woman could not cope with the household and please her husband. Getting a divorce in Soviet times or giving birth was a shame for her. Everything that the husband and child achieved was considered the woman’s merit; then she was considered an exemplary citizen, a good housewife. The children did not dare disobey their mother, and they could get punishment from their father for this. The woman took care of family life, did accounting, and went to work, just like a man. At that time there were different women too. Social science of Soviet times indicates that a man worked for the good of the Motherland, and a woman worked for the good of the family. From what in family life what a woman achieved, the man’s achievements directly depended. There is harmony and prosperity in the family - the man is calm and works well.

The role of feminists in the status of women

The role of women in modern world the way it is now is the merit of feminists. Not so long ago, in the twentieth century, a woman did not have the right to take part in elections and voting. If men were allowed everything, then women were only allowed to allow men everything. They could not wear open clothes and trousers; the length of the skirt had to be such that it covered the knees. Over time, this inequality in society caused discontent and anger among women. They began organizing parades and rallies to achieve equality. Not immediately, but it was achieved. The first achievement of feminists was that women could vote, elect and hold public office on an equal basis with men.

A man in a woman's life

And yet a woman is a woman. It is important for her to be loved by a man so that he takes care of her. No matter what job or position a woman has, no matter how much time she devotes to it, she will always find time for a relationship. A woman cannot exist without a man, just as a man cannot exist without a woman. It's always easier and more comfortable together.

Woman and her family

The role of family in a woman's life is important. Nature inherent in this gender is the desire to take care of someone, to have a family and children. Many girls in early age They are in a hurry to get married in order to create their own home. They need family like they need air. If men can lead a bachelor lifestyle for a long time, then women do not need this freedom; they need stable and strong relationships, giving birth and raising children. Without a family, a representative of the fair half of humanity does not feel complete; she needs to build her own nest, wait for her husband from work and her children from school.

The role of a woman in a modern family

In modern society there are no differences based on gender. Men and women are equal both at work and at home. A lady has the right to absolutely everything (within the limits of the law), she decides who to marry, how many children to have, which president to vote for. The role of a woman in the family depends only on her. She can completely manage everything herself, manage the household and track the budget, or she can share these chores with her husband. But creating comfort still depends only on her. Nature does not instruct a man to maintain order and strive to create a warm environment; this is a purely female prerogative. Ladies work equally with men, earning money to live, keeping the house in order, preparing dinners, taking care of their husbands and children. In the modern world, women participate more in the life and well-being of the family than men, sparing no effort and time. But it’s simpler and easier for her - everything in the family is the way she wants it, this is her next trick.

Social problems can affect different categories of the population depending on their age, social, property or marital status, health status, etc. Categories of the population with whom social work is carried out are distinguished by various criteria. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the gender aspect of social problems, that is, to the analysis of the social situation of a social work client, the search for resources and technologies for providing assistance, depending on whether clients are male or female.

In modern social and labor relations, the problem of the sexual division of labor seems relevant, which is understood as the distribution of occupations between women and men, based on traditions and customs, formally and informally enshrined in the practice and consciousness of people. All over the world there are purely male and purely female professions.

In employment, there is the problem of gender discrimination, which means that individual workers who have the same performance characteristics are treated differently because they represent different socio-demographic groups.

There are several types of discrimination: in wages, in hiring, in staff reductions, in promotions, in advanced training. IN modern science There are 3 basic approaches that explain the origin and essence of the phenomenon of discrimination.

Discrimination at the level of preferences (discrimination against women by an employer, consumer, or colleague);

Statistical discrimination (the employer evaluates a specific employee based on the criteria that have been formed for the group of which he is a representative, regardless of his individual professional and family characteristics);

Discrimination due to the monopoly structure of the labor market. (This approach emphasizes the fact that discrimination exists and persists because it brings profit to those who carry it out.

1) The concept of “discrimination”

Discrimination - (from the Latin word - discriminatio - difference) actions that deny members of a certain group access to resources or sources of income available to others (Giddens E.).

The concept can be interpreted broadly - when members of a certain group are perceived differently, negatively, and there are prejudices against them (gender, national, racial, etc.), as a result of which discriminatory actions follow (Big Explanatory Sociological Dictionary).

A narrow interpretation is when only actions directed against a discriminated group are considered as discrimination, and prejudices themselves are not included in the concept of discrimination (Giddens). Moreover, it is likely that individuals who are prejudiced against others do not engage in discriminatory actions against them; conversely, people can discriminate against others without feeling any prejudice against them.

There is a distinction between category discrimination - when all members of a social group are discriminated against (for example, discrimination based on gender), and statistical discrimination - based on taking into account only the probability of the presence of undesirable characteristics in members of a group. Social discrimination against women means restriction or deprivation of rights based on sex (or gender) in all spheres of society: labor, socio-economic, political, spiritual, family and everyday life. Social discrimination leads to a decrease in a woman’s social status and is a form of violence against her personality, and, therefore, a threat to her safety (Sillaste G.G.).

In Russia, there is gender discrimination in the world of work - long-term inequality in the status of individuals, which manifests itself, in particular, in unequal remuneration for equally productive groups; in hiring practices, pay, training, promotions. Thus, women's rights and opportunities as workers are limited. The problem is that social groups with fewer job opportunities will be hired for less money, so businesses seeking to reduce labor costs will reproduce this mode of exploitation. Closely related to the concept of discrimination is the concept of sexism - unjustifiably negative behavior towards a group or its members (in this case, women), which leads to reduced access of people to prestigious values ​​​​of society, for example, to work or education. Specific examples of sexism include rules prohibiting women from serving in the military.

Although socio-psychological prejudices about the superiority of certain groups over others contribute to discrimination practices, economic factors are the cause of discrimination.

In Russia, the organization “Women against violence and discrimination” operates; gender centers conduct gender examinations of legislation; legislation on equal rights and opportunities for women and men is being discussed, which includes, among other things, anti-discrimination measures in the world of work. Necessary

• - economically encourage men to take care of children and housework;
• - convey to the population the meaning of legislative changes;
• - work on anti-discrimination legislation; eliminate discrimination based on gender by limiting by law the behavior of employers from the moment a vacancy is advertised;
• - create a mechanism for establishing the fact of discrimination and compensation for damage to citizens who have been discriminated against;
• - implement programs to support women's entrepreneurship, professional training and retraining of women.

Gender appears to be a central organizing principle in the world of employment. Although it is difficult to separate gender from age, class, race and ethnicity, it can be argued that gender discrimination in the world of work is very widespread.

2) Background

The origins of social discrimination against women should be sought in ancient times. Even then, scientists and politicians covered up the unequal position of women in society, their oppression and exploitation by arguing about whether a woman is a person and whether she has a soul. The view of a woman as an inferior being is reflected in theological and philosophical works ancient world. Nowadays, many government and public figures, scientists, including sociologists, oppose the very concept of “social discrimination against women.” It is being replaced by calls to fight for their equality with men. But it's not the same thing. A necessary prelude to gender equality is the overcoming of all forms of infringement of the rights and interests of women, especially in the world of work. The term “social discrimination against women and girls” is now generally accepted.

With all the pluralism of views on the problem of discrimination against women, we must not forget the fact of historical significance: it was the October Revolution in Russia (1917) that gave impetus to solving the key issue of equality between women and men in all spheres of life, incl. in civil and legal rights, in labor and education, in the family.

But discrimination against the “weaker sex” continued under the Soviet regime. The party-quota system of women’s “appointment” practically sanctified her, if not by the force of law, then by the omnipotence of administrative orders. Service in the armed forces and other security forces (with the exception of a number of technical or auxiliary specialties) was closed to women. They were legally denied access to “heavy” and “harmful” industries, which completely excluded the freedom of personal choice.

As for post-Soviet Russia, despite all the talk and incantations about its democratization, the problem of social discrimination against women has acquired a special, exceptional urgency in connection with the collapse of the socialist social system, the change of the entire socio-economic structure and the virtual elimination of social guarantees for family, children, women.

Thus, for social analysis, the problematic situation lies in the deep contradiction that has developed between the formal course towards democratization of Russian society, towards the implementation of the constitutional principle of “equal rights and opportunities” of the sexes, on the one hand, and the actual discrimination of women in the sphere of labor and employment, infringement of their social rights in economic life, on the other. Word and deed, the “de jure” situation and the “de facto” situation, alas, as often happens in Russian reality, are in flagrant contradiction to each other.

Currently, in job advertisements, employers do not always reasonably put forward “gender and age” as the main requirement. Such advertisements are truly discriminatory, but it is extremely difficult to prove this in practice.

According to Part 5, Article 1 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Advertising” dated July 18, 1995 No. 108 - Federal Law: “this the federal law does not apply to advertisements individuals, including in the media not related to business activities.” The editors are not responsible for publications about vacancies, since the employer practically buys space in the newspaper where he publishes paid information. Thus, the mechanism of responsibility for posting this information has not been worked out and requires amendments to the current legislation.

Discrimination in hiring is more correctly called hidden, since when selecting applicants, the employer formally indicates business qualities as a reason for refusal, but in reality the selection is based on gender or age. Thus, although Article 3 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation proclaims the prohibition of discrimination in the sphere of labor, there is no mechanism for implementing this principle. We see how serious this problem is from the material provided by the Club of Business and Professionally Active Women of St. Petersburg, which is implementing the project “Protection of Women’s Rights in the Labor Market.” With the official recognition of equality between men and women, discriminatory tendencies against women are intensifying in Russia. Women are gradually being forced out of prestigious fields of activity, their status and role in society is being reduced.

The above data shows what potential our society is losing. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, the average duration of job search for women is 9.1 months. Already in the first stages of finding a job, women face gender discrimination.

It has become the norm when employers and recruitment agencies publish job advertisements in the media to indicate gender, age, marital status, external and physical data, etc. Ignorance of legal rights and protections leads women to accept discrimination as the norm. Among the job advertisements published on behalf of recruitment agencies, there are significantly fewer openly discriminatory advertisements. The absence of this factor can be a good indicator of the high professional level of the agency, indicating that the quality of the specialists’ work allows them to accurately fulfill the recruitment order without violating the law.

Sometimes they say that the presence of discriminatory advertisements in the media is a trifle, not worth attention. But this “trifle” daily reproduces outdated stereotypes in millions of copies, which harm both those who are looking for work and those who are looking for the necessary personnel. In addition, a “trifle” is an open violation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 3 of the Labor Code (prohibition of discrimination in the sphere of labor), as well as international documents signed Russian Federation. Such open discrimination must be eliminated. Even a cursory analysis of newspapers specializing in publishing advertisements on the labor market ("Vacancy", "Profession", "Work for You", "Personnel Recruitment", etc.), indicates, to put it mildly, their incorrectness, or rather, almost Each ad contains discrimination based on gender and age. When providing jobs, the employer indicates gender and age as the first requirements, leaving professional qualities in third place. Judging by these advertisements, our country does not need women over 35 years old. Often, the employer does not hesitate to point out that men and women are required for the same position and they are given different salaries. I think it’s easy to guess who has less. This is also confirmed by statistical data - women in our country earn 30-50% less than men.

In modern social and labor relations, the problem of the sexual division of labor seems relevant, which is understood as the distribution of occupations between women and men, based on traditions and customs, formally and informally enshrined in the practice and consciousness of people. All over the world there are purely male and purely female professions.

As noted by I.O. Tyurin, the labor activity of women in the United States, as in many other countries, is limited to a very narrow set of industries. The majority of American women in the prime working age groups (23-55 years old) are employed in service industries, and among those who have graduated from a four-year college, 90% of working women are concentrated in these industries. Unlike the last century, when women were the main labor force in the textile industry, now, as in other developed countries, if they are employed in material production, it is mainly in clerical work.

Despite a faster growth in the level of education than among men, the majority of women still experience limited professional opportunities and are employed in traditionally “female” jobs (teachers, junior health workers, etc.), which are usually less paid. B.I. Bashkatov argues that even with a college degree, a woman often earns less than a man who graduated from school.

B.I. Ivanova found that the ratio of women’s wages to men’s wages remains one of the most discriminatory not only in Russia, but also among developed countries (with the exception of Japan). However, an important factor in weakening discrimination against women in wages can be an increase in their educational level, which entails a strengthening of women’s position in the labor market and will allow them to increasingly invade traditionally “male”, higher-paid spheres. At the same time, some factors contributing to the growth of employment and strengthening the position of women in the world of work often lead to increased occupational segregation. Thus, the intensive development of the service sector increases the use of women's labor, while simultaneously limiting their activities to a very narrow range of professions. The development of new types of activities, the introduction of new technologies and non-traditional forms of labor organization make it possible to use women’s labor more widely, giving them the opportunity to work at home, part-time, on a flexible schedule. But these same factors, which at first became very attractive for women, very quickly turned into deprivation of social benefits, insurance and other benefits for them, extending to full-time work, and for some, even social isolation.

Like many other global trends, the increase in women’s labor activity, the concentration of women’s employment in the service sector, the formation of a system of “privileges” for working women and some other features specific to women’s labor have acquired a grotesque character in Russia. According to the observations of G.G. Sillaste, the massive influx of women into social production in the post-war decades led to a record high level of employment of Russian women compared to other countries: at the beginning it was 84%, and in previous years - 90%. At the same time, an exceptional characteristic of women’s employment in Russia is the extremely high educational level, but this did not serve as an elevator for economic mobility for women. Despite the legally enshrined right to equal pay for equal work, working Russian women occupy a disadvantaged position in terms of wages - their wages are on average more than a third lower than those of men.

In the same sector of employment, almost everywhere, due to differences in professional status and qualification level, women, as a rule, receive lower wages.

A.L. Mazin noticed another one distinctive feature employment of women in Russia - much wider than in other countries, the use of their labor in sectors of material production, including jobs associated with heavy and unskilled labor. Among industrial workers who experience physical overload during work, every fifth is a woman. Almost half of the women workers in industry work in difficult, harmful and especially difficult conditions.

Despite bans on the use of female labor in a number of areas considered particularly harmful for medical reasons, Russian women continue to work there, and since the ban applies not only to employment, but also to education and professional training that allows them to work in these specialties, women work here without appropriate training and qualifications and for a lower salary.

Thus G.G. Sillaste comes to the conclusion that the measures developed and adopted, which created many privileges and benefits for women in the form of leaves, benefits, as well as restrictions on employment in hazardous industries, were implemented very selectively, and their very existence contributed to the extension of natural periods of interruption of employment, restriction of labor mobility, professional and qualification growth of working women, as well as a decrease in opportunities to implement the knowledge they have already acquired and gain experience.

In the context of the emerging labor market, these benefits have also become an obstacle to employment and job retention. Enterprises undergoing economic transformation have become unprofitable and often simply unable to take on such social responsibility. Thus, although Article 3 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation proclaims the prohibition of discrimination in the sphere of labor, there is no mechanism for implementing this principle. In fact, about a third of managers of enterprises of various forms of ownership admit that they give preference to men, and at every sixth enterprise surveyed, violations of the law regarding pregnant women were revealed.

Finding themselves less competitive in the labor market, women began to lose their jobs at a much higher rate than men.

B.I. Ivanova writes that market relations have exposed previously invisible forms of discrimination against women’s labor in Russia with all the costs of overemployment, inconsistency of the level of education with the level of pay there, concentration on low-skilled jobs, but at the same time, new opportunities have opened up for women of different age groups to use their labor potential. Although the process of transformation in Russia contributed to a stricter differentiation of social and economic roles depending on gender and the revival of calls for patriarchy (“the return of women to their social purpose”) during the 90s, the desire to combine household and family responsibilities with outside work increased among Russian women. at home (according to the results of the Women's Survey conducted

Thus, despite the particularly difficult situation in which Russian women find themselves, who experience specific difficulties in the world of work, largely replicating global ones, and at the same time forced to adapt to fundamentally new economic and social relations, the orientation of Russian women towards social production is increasing.

According to V.N. Ivanova, anti-discrimination and rights-affirming actions in Russia have certainly produced positive results, helping to mitigate traditional forms of gender inequality, but entrenched approaches to the social and economic role of women are much more difficult to change. Even some privileges designed to benefit women may in practice create a danger of actual inequality in the labor market. Discriminatory practices against women's labor, which have such a long history, undergoing significant restrictions, are acquiring different, much more disguised forms in the new conditions.

Based on the current situation, taking into account the experience of foreign countries (primarily European), I.O. Tyurina comes to the conclusion that in order to implement numerous articles of Russian legislation prohibiting discrimination based on gender in the world of work, what is most lacking is a system of effective control and supervision over compliance with legislative norms. The formation of such a system would contribute to the growth of women’s competitiveness during the formation of the labor market and the equality of their opportunities, as the world community strives for.

Increasing the economic role of women in society, in the family, in self-sufficiency did not save them from the growing risks of a decrease in real income and the reliability of their sources, social insecurity in the labor market in connection with new forms of employment; from the lack of jobs that correspond to their educational and professional training, from falling into the ranks of the poor, including the working poor. T.I. Beznadezhnykh is of the opinion that the stability of the economic situation of the female part of the population depends on many variables related to both the weakening of its discrimination in society, personal conditions, and employment opportunities, self-employment, entrepreneurship, as well as the degree of development of the social support system.

A growing threat to women's well-being is posed, as an analysis of the dynamics of their income shows, by the increasing frequency of divorces.

L.A. Shatrova believes that an additional obstacle to restoring material well-being for women who have become economically independent is the segregation of the labor market, which limits the scope of their employment, the duration and, accordingly, wages, as well as the lack (or a long break) of skills in running their own business. Moreover, the older the children left with their mother after the divorce, the more expenses they require, and the employment prospects of a divorced woman become more disappointing with age.

Economic instability, as a rule, is characteristic of the vast majority of single-parent families with a woman at the head, formed as a result of divorce, theft, and the birth of illegitimate children. B.I. Ivanova noted that half of American families with a female head and no spouse are in the bottom quintile of income, compared with 12% of families with two spouses. 8.5 million of the 15 million children under 18 living below the poverty line grow up in such families.

G.N. Klimatova notes that Russian women, who have always been least protected from poverty, found themselves in a particularly vulnerable position in the 90s. Before the start of economic reforms, pensioners were usually in the most difficult financial situation, among whom there were almost twice as many women; single-parent families with children, 94% of which are headed by women; as well as large families, in a significant part of which the father lived separately, and the main concerns for providing for and raising children fell on the mother.

Reducing (and completely phasing out) subsidies and introducing fees for early free services significantly reduced the purchasing power of these categories of the population; and a sharp drop in real incomes, an increase in the gap between pensions and benefits from the subsistence level led to increased impoverishment of women - both elderly and disabled, and young educated working Russians.

Although single parenthood, especially for women, has always been associated with material and psychological difficulties, in the “pre-market” period, widespread benefits, subsidies, subsidies, the availability of preschool institutions, sports and recreational camps and recreation centers contributed to a significant smoothing of the problems of raising and raising children with a single mother. A.V. Dorin notes that with the transition to the market and the weakening of the redistributive functions of the state, the position of single-parent families became even more disadvantaged.

In conditions of rapid inflation, spreading predominantly among the female part of the working-age population, unemployment, erosion of the social support system, the a priori high risk of impoverishment of families consisting of mother and children has increased sharply. And very generous benefits, including for children of single mothers, not only decreased in real volume, but also lost their significance in relation to living wage, not to mention the relationship with wages. Employment, in turn, does not save the vast majority of women with children from poverty.

Investigating this problem, M.E. Baskakova comes to the conclusion that women of retirement age find themselves in no less difficult conditions, especially those who cannot continue labor activity and who have no other source of livelihood other than pensions. Pensions received by women, as well as earnings, are on average less than those of men, and a significant proportion of Russian women of retirement age receive a minimum pension. The accelerating decline in the real value of pensions, even the average size of which does not provide minimum standards of living, puts pensioners in an unequal position relative to people of pre-retirement age, whose real incomes are declining somewhat more slowly and who objectively have more opportunities to adapt to the new economic situation. For many women, continuing to work after retirement has become a severe necessity and the main means of maintaining their livelihood. As a result, in Russia in the first half of the 90s, every tenth working woman was of retirement age, which significantly exceeds the labor activity of women in this age group in other countries. Russian women of retirement age are employed primarily in the public sector, either performing highly qualified but low-paid work as a doctor, teacher, researcher, university lecturer, or music worker; or low-skilled and also low-paid work as a cleaner, janitor, laboratory assistant, etc.

According to N.M. Volovskaya with the missing difficulties of material self-sufficiency in last years The youngest representatives of the female part of the population also encountered. They make up 3/4 of school graduates, vocational technical educational institutions, and universities who are experiencing difficulties in finding employment. However, this category of women has certain hopes for expanding opportunities for economic independence in connection with the development of various forms of entrepreneurship, self-employment, including family and home activities. World experience shows that this field of activity has a great attractive force for women who have not found their place in the labor market. Already by 1994, according to the State Statistics Committee, among entrepreneurs using hired labor there were about 19% women, among co-owners of partnerships - 39%, among co-owners of cooperatives - 23%. According to survey data, mature Russian women with higher (64%) and secondary (35%) education are most active in the entrepreneurship environment.

In the context of increasing risks in the labor market, purely symbolic amounts of pensions and benefits, depreciation of savings, real support for women’s entrepreneurial activity in Russia could not only help more Russian women take advantage of the opportunities that have opened up and improve their socio-economic status, but would also contribute to a more complete implementation of women's knowledge and professional experience throughout society.

group of 11th grade students

The research project is devoted to the problem of the position of women in modern society and public opinion about the equality of women.

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Municipal educational institution

Zarechenskaya secondary school

Sobinsky district, Vladimir region

Research topic

Completed:

11th grade students

Manibaeva Kristina,

Burmistrova Anna

Scientific director

Lisova S.V.

Zarechnoye village 2011

1.Introduction p. 3

2. Purpose of the study p.3

3. Research objectives p.3

4. Research hypothesis. p.3

5. Literature review. p.4

6. Research methodology p.23

7.Research results p.23

8. Conclusions and comments. p.24

9. Conclusion. p.24

10. List of references. p.25

11. Applications. p.27

1. INTRODUCTION

No human society can develop harmoniously, moving towards a higher state, if the role of women is diminished in it and the ratio of two complementary principles - male and female - is not balanced, because the position of women, like a litmus test, reveals the actual degree of civilization of a particular social or religious community , and also unmistakably reflects the degree of commitment of its members to the principles of humanism, equality and mercy.

Despite the formal equality of women and men, in many cases active action is necessary to ensure the proclaimed equality in reality. Particular attention to the social and economic role of women during periods of fundamental change is not only important in itself for humanitarian reasons, but also an indispensable condition for achieving sustainable development and increasing well-being in society.

2. Purpose of the study:
Studying public opinion on the position of women in modern society

3. Research objectives:

1. 1. Conduct a theoretical review of the scientific literature on the problem.
2. 2. Select methods for studying public opinion
3. 3. Conduct an analysis of the sociological research.
4. 4. Identify the influence of gender stereotypes on public opinion about the social role of women in society.

4.Literature review

Pre-revolutionary period

Russia 19th century in comparison with European countries, it was considered a rather patriarchal country, like, in fact, most other agrarian societies. The reasons for this were the influence of eastern cultures since the time of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the dominant orthodox Orthodox religion, and the imperial nature of the state, forced to constantly fight. As capitalist relations emerged, the women's issue also appeared on the agenda; such publications appeared already at the beginning of the 19th century. [cm. eg 76, 82]. The works of many Russian historians, philosophers and writers emphasize the important role of Russian women in maintaining spirituality and transmitting moral values, and there are calls to grant women equal rights with men. (Recall that some rights were first granted to women by the zemstvo reform of 1864). The famous historian N.I. Kostomarov openly ridicules the cruel treatment of women in everyday life. N.G. Chernyshevsky analyzes works of art and, in particular, draws a conclusion about the dominance of the image of a weak-willed, indecisive, infantile Russian male intellectual:<...ребенок мужеского пола, вырастая, делается существом мужского пола средних, а потом пожилых лет, но мужчиною он не становится, или, по крайней мере, не становится мужчиною благородного характера> . <Каким верным, сильным, проницательным умом одарена женщина от природы!... История человечества пошла бы в десять раз быстрее, если бы ум этот не был опровергаем и убиваем, а действовал бы>, he notes in the novel<Что делать?>. <В ней заключена одна наша огромная надежда, залог нашего обновления, - пишет Ф.М.Достоевский в 1884 г. - Восхождение русской женщины в последние двадцать лет оказалось несомненным... Русский человек (i.e. male) in these last decades, he terribly succumbed to the depravity of acquisitions, cynicism, and materialism; the woman remained much more faithful than him to pure worship of the idea, service to the idea. ... I see, however, the shortcomings of the modern woman, and the main one is her extreme dependence on the actual male ideas, the ability to take them at their word and believe in them without control>. Problems of gender within the framework of religious and philosophical thought of the early 20th century. presented by N. Berdyaev, further developing the thesis of Vl. Solovyova about Eternal Femininity. The author emphasizes:<...женщина не ниже мужчины, она по меньшей мере равна ему, а то и выше его, призвание женщины велико, но в женском, женственном, а не в мужеском>. <Не амазонкой, обоготворяющей женское начало как высшее и конкурирующее с началом мужским, должна войти женщина в новый мир, не бесполой посредственностью, лишенной своей индивидуальности, и не самкой, обладающей силой рода, а конкретным образом Вечной Женственности, призванной соединить мужественную силу с Божеством> .

Thus, the position of many Russian thinkers was quite progressive - not to infringe on the civil rights of women, but also not to level out subcultural sexual differences, no matter in whatever sphere they manifest themselves - family, clan or social, since these differences are equivalent.

A number of studies from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. are devoted to the social aspects of gender. Psychologists are trying to understand the nature of mental sexual differences, medical and sociological aspects of sexual relations are analyzed. Works of folk art are specially studied from the point of view of cultural stereotypes about men and women. Later, trends in women’s labor in the factory industry are studied and, in particular, a conclusion is drawn about the increase in female labor not only in<женских>, but also in<мужских>industries, for example, metallurgy. There are many scientific and journalistic works directly devoted to women's issues. The purpose of Russian women in the family and society, the implementation of their political rights in local self-government, the achievements and problems associated with obtaining higher education, their ability for creative work are actively discussed. Much attention is paid to understanding the women's movement for equality, to the historical analysis of the reasons for the subordinate position of women in their speeches and publications by Russian sociologist V.M. Khvostov.

A book by the Austrian scientist Otto Weininger, translated into Russian at the beginning of the century, sparked heated discussions.<Пол и характер>. The main subject of disagreement is not so much the idea of ​​bisexuality (androgyny) formulated by O. Weininger, but rather his tendency to interpret<женское>as base and unworthy, and the success of women in the social sphere is only a result of their having a larger share<мужского>. This idea received virtually no support in Russia. A. Bely writes about this:<...взгляд на женщину как на существо, лишенное творчества, критики не выдерживает. Женщина творит мужчину не только актом физического рождения, женщина творит мужчину и актом рождения в нем духовности>. Another commentary argues that, on the contrary, since it is women who embody spiritual and moral qualities, it is fair that they should be given the right to dominate the family and society. Although<матриархат>in due time and<сдался>, but he<оставил нам надежду на восторжествование в культурно-нравственные времена> .

A number of feminists during this period, as S.I. Golod notes, became<осуществлять свою цель на суженном плацдарме: любовь, семья, дети>. These trends in the discussion of the women's question, along with Marxist ideas about the economic independence of women, formed the basis of post-revolutionary discussions about sexual freedom and the need for extinction<буржуазной>family as the main brake on the emancipation and development of a woman’s personality.

Thus, on the eve of the revolution, many feminist movements (even if we take the purely revolutionary ones out of the equation), as well as scientific reflection on the women's issue, were quite fruitful and created the prerequisites for the formulation of various, including feminist, concepts for the sociological study of gender. After the revolution, the ideological option for studying the position of women in society became the main one, which for some time and within certain limits did not exclude discussions.

3. Discussions of the 20s

Soviet Russia was the first state in the world to proclaim in the 1918 Constitution. legal equality of men and women in all spheres of social life. During these years, debates raged on the pages of the revolutionary press about the role of women in the family and the new society, about freedom of sexual relations. The views of public figures and ordinary party members of those years, sometimes contradictory and changing over time, are covered in detail, in particular, in the works of E.B. Gruzdeva, S.I. Goloda, V.Z. Rogovina, Z.A. Yankova. From a modern perspective, the essence of most of these views is quite progressive (the Marxist and socialist schools of feminism, later widespread in the West, relied heavily on the views of the classics of Marxism). So, V.I. Lenin emphasized the difference between the already established legal equality and the actual one, noting that the latter would require considerable time and would be resolved as the social economy was created:<...речь идет не о том, чтобы уравнять женщину в производительности труда, размере труда, длительности его, в условиях труда и т.д., а речь идет о том, чтобы женщина не была угнетена ее хозяйственным положением в отличие от мужчины> .

As is known, in the ideological, socio-economic and cultural conditions of Russia at that time, these views received a very unique embodiment. Few empirical studies were conducted during this period. Moreover, the problems of sexual relationships among young people, who were supposed to act as bearers of a new morality, turned out to be more attractive to sociologists [see. eg 20]. These studies were stopped already in the early 30s, when post-revolutionary liberalism began to be limited (prohibition of homosexuality, restrictions on abortion), followed by the adoption of legislative measures aimed at social intervention in family life and stimulation of the birth rate (1944).

Until the beginning of the 60s. no research is being done. Social policy, including regarding women, was dictated exclusively by state interests: industrialization, work in the rear, post-war economic reconstruction, population reproduction to compensate for human losses, etc. The totalitarian state actually needed not free women, but asexual<товарищах>- obedient cogs, suppressed (regardless of gender) by the ruling elite. Term<равноправие>rarely used, since it was declared that<женский вопрос>legally resolved (although in reality it was generally absurd to talk about human rights in a totalitarian state).

As a methodological principle, social scientists more often use the principle<социальное равенство полов>, which was fully consistent with the ideology of the state, focused on all kinds of unification (bringing together the way of life of city and countryside, mental and physical workers, different ethnic cultures, etc.). As L. Polyakov notes,<стремление тоталитарной власти подавить любую спонтанную дифференциацию в обществе закономерно привело к культивированию бесполости, отразившейся в клише "советский человек". И если в этом идеологическом "гермафродите" еще различимы какие-то признаки женского пола, то словосочетание "советский мужчина" уже на грани абсурда (что, скорее, говорит об ужасающей реальности этого феномена)> .

And in subsequent periods, the methodology for researching women's issues to a large extent, especially within the framework of scientific communism, reflected the emphasis in state ideology, which, in turn, was determined by the socio-economic context of the country's development. Based on state needs, priorities regarding women’s roles also changed (<общественница>, <труженица>, <мать>).

4. 60-80s: surge in research into women’s professional and family roles

Already in the first sociological studies that appeared in the late 50s - early 60s. important importance is attached to socio-gender aspects, Special attention is devoted to the analysis of women's problems. This circumstance was not least associated with a significant increase in the number of women working outside the home, V comparison with the pre-war period, which was due to the need to restore the economy and significant losses of the male population during the years of war and repression. According to the 1959 census, women made up 47% of the total number of workers and employees, and in the RSFSR - 50%. Note that if in the West, research on women’s issues arises on the basis of feminist movements, which reflected, in particular, a protest against the division of sex roles (baby boom period, a significant proportion of middle-class families with a traditional distribution of roles in conditions of economic stability), then in the USSR, research Women's problems appear in a completely different historical context - almost full employment of women along with participation in public ideological events, the need to combine professional and family roles in conditions of post-war poverty and underdevelopment of the service sector, significant gender disproportion, etc.

Analysis of socio-gender aspects.Within the framework of the emerging sociology of labor, the collective works of Leningrad sociologists under the leadership of V.A. Yadov analyzed the dynamics of the attitude of young workers to work, and identified the reasons for the insignificant proportion of women among leading engineers. Thus, it was found that men often achieved high positions based on seniority or<за брюки>, women - exclusively through hard work, i.e. in fact, it was about discrimination against women. The study of the structure of free time and time budgets made it possible to identify disproportions in the workload on men and women in various spheres of life. Within the framework of the sociology of personality, great attention is paid to socio-gender aspects by I.S. Kon, who subsequently devoted many works to ethnocultural aspects of gender, the socialization of boys and girls, as well as social problems of sexuality. When analyzing the process of reproduction of the socio-professional structure in connection with the study of the professional orientation of young people, Estonian sociologists M. Titma and P. Kenkmann raise an important methodological question about the need to determine the status of the family, taking into account the social position of the mother, and not just the father, as was customary at that time time in Western sociology. The gender variable, along with others (age, class - workers, peasants, intelligentsia, city - village) was widely used in the analysis of lifestyle from the point of view of the need for it<сближения у разных социальных групп в условиях социализма>.

The most clear analysis of socio-gender differences was presented within the framework of the sociology of the family. Many authors use the terminology of interactionism when analyzing group aspects and structural functionalism for institutional analysis. But let us emphasize that, for example, the theory of T. Parsons and R. Bales about the natural differentiation of male (instrumental) and female (expressive) roles in the family was not itself used in the interpretation. On the contrary, in the works<семенников>The need for a fair distribution of labor in the family and society is constantly emphasized. To some extent, the concept of liberal feminism in matters relating to the family is also reflected in the scientific literature, for example, since the late 70s, the works of J. Bernard, A. Michel, etc. have been often cited.

Already in the study of A.L. Pimenova, carried out in the mid-60s, the specifics of male and female roles in the family and professional sphere were considered. On the basis of the problem laboratory of the Belarusian State University, connections between factors of family and non-family behavior, on the one hand, and assessments of their marriage in men and women, on the other, were analyzed. Z.A. Yankova, using the methodology of the Dutch scientist G. Kooi, studies cultural stereotypes of masculinity and femininity. In the Institute of Social Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on the basis of an international study of families with teenage children, conducted in the early 80s, the following are analyzed: the opinions of wives and husbands regarding their wives’ work outside the home, the characteristics of male and female behavior in the family and attitudes regarding marital and parental roles, socio-gender characteristics of behavior in a conflict situation in connection with marital satisfaction, some aspects of the socialization of boys and girls, etc. For example, M.Yu. Harutyunyan concludes that<"традиционная концепция семейной жизни" трансформируется не только в эгалитарную, но и в "эксплуататорскую", когда женам дается право на равное с мужчинами участие в общественном труде наряду с исключительным правом на домашнюю работу>. TA. Gurko shows that women are overloaded not only with housework, but also with responsibility - the proportion of families where wives were the leaders is significant, and the proportion of those where they were husbands is small. (One of the aphorisms of the Soviet era:<муж как чемодан без ручки - и нести тяжело и бросить жалко>). L.V. Yasnaya emphasizes that for highly educated women the problem of lack of free time to satisfy cultural needs is acute, so they are not as successful in combining work and family spheres compared to less educated ones. M.S. Matskovsky notes that girls are much more often involved by their parents in housework than boys, which inevitably affects the distribution of marital roles in the future. Later, the following are analyzed: differences in the expectations of brides and grooms, young spouses, the specifics of attitudes towards the pre-divorce situation, reactions to divorce and orientation towards remarriage in men and women. S.I. Golod analyzes the values ​​of marriage and the specifics of marital satisfaction of men and women at various stages of the life cycle. The reader can judge the extent to which socio-gender aspects are represented in other branches of sociology by reading other chapters of this monograph.

Study of social problems of women.Since the 1960s, there has been a surge in research specifically focused on the analysis of women's issues. One of these directions - the combination of production and family roles of women - also originates within the framework of the sociology of family and everyday life. In Moscow, G.A. Slesarev and Z.A. Yankova began working at the Institute for Concrete Social Research, researching the labor motives of female workers at industrial enterprises. In Leningrad, A.G. Kharchev and S.I. Golod, as part of a joint Soviet-Polish study, studied the motives of professional activity of low- and medium-skilled workers, job satisfaction and their fulfillment of family roles. The book prepared based on the materials of this research remained popular for a long time not only among scientists in the USSR, but was translated into 6 languages. (Although, as S.I. Golod himself noted later, this<исследование содержало существенный изъян - профессиональные и семейные роли женщин изучались изолированно от соответствующих ролей мужчин>). Somewhat later, Z.A. Yankova conducted research at a confectionery factory in Moscow and a watch factory in Penza and came to the conclusion about the connection between labor motives, on the one hand, and the level of qualifications and education of women, on the other.

A wide range of research issues related to work and family was demonstrated by the inter-republican symposium of sociologists, held in Minsk, at BSU in 1969. A number of reports were devoted to the peculiarities of the combination of roles of certain professional categories of women - scientists, teachers, collective farmers, as well as in various ethnocultural regions , for example, in Udmurdia, Kyrgyzstan.

In 1972, the XII international seminar was held in Moscow, the main theme of which was changing the position of women in society and the family. In the speeches of Soviet scientists, it is often emphasized that wives are forced to bear a double burden in the conditions of an undeveloped sphere of consumer services and the self-removal of most husbands from management responsibilities. household and raising children. In the report of R.G. Gurova, the results of a study of the value orientations of girls who graduated high school in 1969, are compared with the orientations of graduates of the Krasnodar gymnasium, analyzed by P.N. Kolotinsky in 1913 and 1916. Author's conclusions: in contrast to high school students, whose favorite mottos were:<Пользоваться всеми удовольствими юности>, <Быть честной>, <Жить для радости>- graduates of the 60s were focused primarily on social ideals and goals:<Один за всех, все за одного>, <Служить отчизне>, <Приносить пользу и счастье людям>. The author's contemporaries also had a wider choice of desired professions, including such as scientist, doctor, teacher, engineer, while, for example, one of the high school students wrote "<Женщина все-таки должна быть женщиной, она должна вести хозяйство и воспитывать детей. А что же будет тогда, когда женщина станет профессором или ученым или что-нибудь в этом роде?> .

Another direction, developing in parallel, is the analysis of the socio-economic aspects of women's employment - represented by the works of economists, sociologists and demographers. Most of the research in this area was carried out at industrial enterprises; the target was either only female workers, or male and female staff. Ural sociologists under the leadership of L.N. Kogan in the mid-60s. Based on a study conducted at 9 heavy industry enterprises in the Urals, we analyzed the disproportions in the employment of female workers in manual labor compared to men, their lag in skill levels, a significant discrepancy between the level of education and qualifications, and the reasons for their lower social status. Methodologically, the formulated principle is important<равенства возможностей лиц обоего пола всесторонне развивать свою индивидуальность и наиболее полно удовлетворять материальные и духовные потребности>. When studying the family well-being and quality of life of the population of Taganrog, carried out in several stages since 1968, N.M. Rimashevskaya analyzes the social inequality of women in the sphere of work, family and health. In Moldova, socio-economic problems of women's employment in large cities are studied by N.M. Shishkan. In Minsk, under the leadership of Z.M. Yuk, in 1971, a study was conducted at a tractor plant to study the problems of women engaged in manual labor, trends in advanced training, occupational morbidity, social activity and<общественно-политической сознательности>. The work carried out on the basis of the State Labor Committee of the RSFSR is devoted to the problem of the low level of mechanization and qualification of women's labor, and the reasons for women working in hazardous industries. Subsequently, women's employment is constantly in the focus of attention of specialists. Ethno-regional specifics and the peculiarities of the problems of female workers in certain industries are studied, special attention is paid to the employment of mothers with young children and large families, as well as women with limited ability to work. A number of works devoted to various aspects of women’s labor were carried out on the basis of special research at the Higher School of the Trade Union Movement of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions [see, for example, 99].

In the late 70s - early 80s. At the official policy level, attention to women's family roles is increasing. The state's need to strengthen the family due to a decrease in the birth rate and a decline in the quality characteristics of the population was reflected in decisions to expand benefits for working mothers. Probably, the new emphasis was also due to economic factors - the need for female labor decreased somewhat compared to the post-war period. Even in works devoted to the employment and social efficiency of women’s work, significant place is beginning to be given to the fulfillment of family roles. The authors, in particular, state the contradiction between women’s work and the performance of maternal functions, emphasizing the increasing demands of society on the quality of women’s performance of both functions against the backdrop of a slow improvement in their working and living conditions. In essence, we are talking about the same contradiction that is described during this period<семенники>, with the only difference being that some look at it from the perspective of the efficiency of women’s labor, while others look at it from the perspective of family well-being. Thus, Z.A. Yankova emphasizes:<К сожалению, исследование проблемы формирования личности женщины, как правило, ограничивается только изучением ее профессиональных и социально-политических ролей. Семейно-бытовые роли женщины квалифицируются обычно как пережиточные, мешающие этому процессу и противопоставляются другим ее ролям>. The study of the combination and mutual influence of various roles of women continued in the future.

Another direction of analysis was concentrated within the framework of philosophical issues: historical materialism and scientific communism. The focus is on the problems of developing a woman’s personality, increasing her social activity and changing her lifestyle. One of the first books, prepared at the Department of Scientific Communism of the AON under the Central Committee of the CPSU (later a lot of attention was paid to the problems of women), summarizes statistics and research conducted by that time, and also proposes specific ways to improve social policy towards women. Within the framework of this same direction, class characteristics are also studied (naturally, in the context that was ideologically approved): the peculiarities of the position of women workers in rural areas and female city workers. The works, carried out on the basis of the Institute of Mathematics and Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, examine the historical and sociological aspects of changes in the work and life of female workers during the years of Soviet power, and analyze the results of a study conducted in Taganrog. Dissertation works pay special attention to the ethnocultural and regional specifics of women's problems. Thus, using the example of Kabardino-Balkaria, using various sociological methods (observation, interviews, document analysis and questionnaires), the clash of women's social activity with Muslim Sharia traditions is examined. The value orientations of Uzbek men and women, their job satisfaction and differences in lifestyle are studied. In the late 80s, similar issues were highlighted using the example of other Islamic cultures - Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, where, as is known, the practice of resolving the women's issue is different. But the ideological orientation to<унификацию>It also created methodological problems, not allowing us to fully grasp the ethnocultural specificity and contradictions of this process.

The main conclusion of the work is the lower socio-professional status of women, a significant gap in the level of education, on the one hand, and socio-professional status, on the other, their removal from the sphere of management. Moreover, these problems were usually explained by the inequality of women in everyday life. Macro-social reasons were practically not touched upon. It would have been easier, for example, to declare work in hazardous industries<женской проблемой>(despite the fact that there were just as many men working there) and trying to solve it for decades without success, rather than recognizing that many industries are simply not modernized. There were also few cultural interpretations, for example, the reasons for the conservatism of the consciousness of recent rural residents were not analyzed (which was qualified as pre-revolutionary remnants), and in general, methodologically, the Soviet person was considered as a product of current (i.e., ideologically given) social circumstances. Of course, researchers did not touch upon the sphere of political institutions both because of the ideological prohibition and because, with the exception of top level(where, in fact, important political decisions were made - the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers) the representation of women corresponded to the established quota - about 50% in local Councils and 36% in the Supreme Councils of the republics and the USSR.

Since the late 60s. the number of works at the intersection of demography and sociology increases, and later a new direction is formed - the sociology of fertility, which pays a lot of attention to women's problems from the point of view of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of population reproduction.

Several works were carried out within the framework of the history of philosophy and sociology.

5. New emphasis in studies of the perestroika period

In the mid-80s, in official politics and scientific works, the concept of the eternal women's problem was revised: home - work, achievements were overestimated Soviet period in the decision<женского вопроса>, although still on the platform<социалистического проекта>, the pluralism of scientists’ positions is articulated. The discussions were stimulated by the low quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the population, the disorganization of family life (which, of course, was the result of many factors, but qualified as<женская проблема>), as well as the transition to a new economic policy. Within the framework of family sociology, the question of the need to provide women with choice between professional activity(including expanded opportunities for part-time work) and devoting oneself to family and motherhood. This was already a rollback from the Marxist idea of ​​women’s economic independence and the established opinion in Soviet society that a non-working woman, even if she is a mother, is<тунеядкой>and certainly<сидит>Houses. A.G. Kharchev emphasized:<Самой важной для судеб страны и социализма формой творческого труда женщин является труд материнский>, which subsequently caused objections from feminist-oriented authors. Based on the concept<женского выбора>For example, a study was conducted at enterprises and institutions in Moscow in 1985; Y.P.Te and I.G. Zhiritskaya conclude that for a significant category of women, family values ​​are of priority importance, and work outside the home is forced and does not allow, among other things, to realize their reproductive intentions. At the same time, it is emphasized that for work-oriented women,<должны быть созданы все условия, исключающие необходимость менять любимую профессию или бросать работу, отказываться от продвижения по службе ради детей и домашнего хозяйства> .

An active discussion is taking place around scientifically based recommendations in the field of social policy. N.K. Zakharova, A.I. Posadskaya and N.M. Rimashevskaya formulate the principle of egalitarianism (or equality of opportunity) as opposed to the patriarchal concept, which, according to the authors, spread in the era of glasnost among a number of demographers, economists and journalists.

Disagreements in the positions of specialists are natural - these are different emphases on the interconnected continuum: individual - family - society when assessing the required degree of women's employment. The authors agree on the severity of women's problems, but they see the strategy and goals of solving them differently. Feminist-oriented scientists proceed from the priority<полифункциональности>personality development of both women and men. A number of sociologists believe that in conditions of lag<индустриализации быта>and the low quality of institutions for extra-family socialization, the double burden on women negatively affects population reproduction. According to economists, deciding women's problems work outside the home is possible only in the context<технического перевооружения и коренного улучшения организации работы для всех категорий трудящихся, а не только женщин>. It seemed appropriate to reduce production time by paying from public funds.

Later, under new conditions, these positions were preserved. The authors of one build their argument<от противного>: <двойную нагрузку>everyday and even scientific consciousness begins to mythologize, turning it into a stereotype<сверхэмансипи-рованности>women. A return to patriarchal traditions, in their opinion, will lead to<будет возрастать экономическая зависимость женщин от дохода мужа>, <уменьшится и так незначительное время мужа, направленное на участие в семейной жизни в связи с необходимостью дополнительного заработка>, <усилится процесс "маскулинизации"" сферы принятия решений на всех уровнях>, <получит развитие процесс феминизации бедности как следствие преобладания женщин среди низкооплачиваемых, безработных, малообеспеченных>. According to A.I. Antonov:<В обществе резко усилились радикально-феминистские взгляды и настроения, возбуждающие агрессивность женщин против мужчин, жен против мужей, что, по сути, явилось продолжением официальной советско-большевистской идеологии антисемейности, разрушения "мелкого" домашнего хозяйства, "домостроевщины-патриархальщины"> .

As part of the study of women's employment, both previous analysis approaches are used<сочетания работы и материнства>with an emphasis on government opportunities to mitigate this contradiction, as well as new interpretations of social inequality based on gender in this area. The specifics of women's professional training, the social protection of women working in harmful, dangerous and heavy industries, the possibility of promoting them to leadership positions, and health indicators depending on gender in different professional groups are analyzed.

A significant place in empirical research is given to the analysis of gender-role ideas. M.S. Matskovsky explains the growth of pro-family sentiments by the persistence of stereotypes both among men and women themselves. The author's analysis of marriage advertisements, for example, showed that women offer themselves rather as<домашней работницы>, not a potential spouse. Studying sociocultural images<женщина> - <мужчина>, <работник> - <работница>And<муж> - <жена>(cohort study) is devoted to the work of A.V. Mytil. She concludes about<несовместимости образа семьянина с образом работника>among women and men. E.V. Foteeva shows the divergence in the ideas of men and women about<хорошем муже>with their relative consistency in relation to<хорошей жены>, which is explained by the slow transformation of the male role in the family. There is also greater commitment<двойному стандарту>in the sphere of sexual relations of men rather than women, workers rather than the intelligentsia, the ideas of boys and girls of premarital age, young spouses about behavior in the family, as well as the nature of the presentation of female and male roles in the leading media are analyzed. M.Yu.Arugyunyan and O.M Zdravomyslova, including using qualitative analysis methods, study family images among adolescents in the context of gender socialization. In the ethno-regional context, M.G. Pankratova pays special attention to the problems of rural women.

Many monographs and special articles rethink the Soviet experience<решения женского вопроса>. Although some authors emphasize the achievements of socialism, especially in previously socio-economically backward regions of the USSR, the majority focus on the groundlessness of this ideology, but again from different positions. This is natural, since Soviet society was a society of double morality and, to some extent, double social reality. L.T. Shineleva, in particular, notes:<... у нас в стране, по существу, две идеологии в отношении статуса женщин в обществе. Одна - в нормативных документах, законодательных актах, другая - в жизни>. Some authors, following feminist theory, qualify the Soviet period as<социалистический патриархат>. O.A. Voronina, applying the theory of patriarchy to the conditions of Soviet reality, comes to the conclusion that<советский тоталитаризм - это апофеоз реализации традиционного маскулинистского "права патриарха">, and it is noted that<отчуждение индивидуальных "мужских" прав на женщину в пользу государства не только не способствует редукции патриархатных принципов социального устройства, но и - выводя на уровень макрополитики - усиливает их>. Later, the analysis of the gender aspect of Soviet history is carried out using the biographical method (the founder of the direction is the French scientist D. Berto). M.M. Malysheva emphasizes the difference<женской советской истории>And<качественной глубины>her experiences by men and women. E.Yu. Meshcherkina analyzes the sociocultural mechanisms that, through socialization, make the archetypes of male identity work in the process<стереотипного воспроизведения мужской идентичности>. The author, in particular, comes to the conclusion that<при всей специфике отечественных стереотипов маскулинности существуют какие-то инварианты, социально-константные механизмы воспроизводства сексизма на личностном и институциональном уровнях> .

6. Early 90s: themes and approaches, the emergence of gender centers

The transition to market relations not only exposed the old ones, but also led to the emergence of new women's problems. Since the early 90s, interest in gender issues has been growing. In 1991, on the basis of the Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population of the State Committee for Labor and the Academy of Sciences, with the direct assistance of the director of this institute N.M. Rimashevskaya, the Moscow Center for Gender Research was formed, among the scientific tasks of which is the understanding of the experience of the Western feminist tradition. If at first the center’s activity was mainly focused on the socio-economic aspects of employment in the new conditions, later the topics and methodology of research expanded. At the Institute of Ethnography and Anthropology, there is a group of ethnic-gender problems; attention is paid to women’s issues at the Department of Sociology at the Russian Academy of Management, and their study continues at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In St. Petersburg, interdisciplinary women's and gender studies are carried out in different departments - on the basis of the Faculty of Sociology, the Center for the Integration of Women's Studies and the Research Institute of Social Sciences of St. Petersburg State University, at the Center for Independent Sociological Research, in St. Petersburg. branch of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Special attention is paid to gender and women's issues in the sociological faculties of regional universities and new educational and research structures.

In the early 90s. There is an expansion of the traditional subject area of ​​​​the study of women's problems, which reflected the specifics of new realities. Within the framework of political sociology, this is the activity of women in the political sphere and the characteristics of the female electorate, analysis of women's movements.<Ситуации, сложившейся в России в перестроечный и постперестроечный периоды, - отмечает Г.Г.Силласте, - присуще противоречие между теорией и практикой демократизации общества, предусматривающими предоставление женщинам России широких политических свобод, реальную (а не словесную, формальную) ликвидацию дискриминации по полу во всех сферах общественной жизни - с одной стороны, и целенаправленным отчуждением женщин от политики, от власти, от участия в принятии политических решений и ответственности за их осуществление - с другой>. Special studies are devoted to the characteristics of the female political and economic elite. For example, it is shown that one of the reasons influencing the participation of women deputies in politics is<отношение к этой деятельности со стороны прежде всего мужей, а также других членов семьи>. The participation of women in the field of management and the specifics of managing a women's team are specially considered. Analyzed<социогендерная>problems within the sociology of law. S.I.-Golod and I.S.Kon make an attempt to link the biosocial problems of gender and study the social aspects of sexual behavior. The problem of the need to study sexual harassment at work and spousal violence is raised. In principle, it is possible to single out studies within the framework of military sociology that reflect the specifics of the social problems of men.

Within the framework of the sociology of family and demography, the object of special attention is women raising children without a husband, the problems of single men and women are analyzed<активного брачного возраста>(unfortunately, not comparative), social aspects of mortality of men and women, women's migration abroad. The complex of problems of relationships between men and women in marriage, after divorce, as well as women’s work outside the home is considered on the basis of Soviet-American research. E.A. Zdravomyslova explores, in fact, a new phenomenon for Russia - the problems of women who have become housewives. Much attention is still paid to socio-gender aspects in works devoted to socialization and parenthood. S.I. Golod undertook an analysis of stereotypes of masculinity - femininity: ideas about the need for the participation of men and women in the professional and educational sphere, as well as the characteristics of their spiritual life. The author, in particular, concludes that<отходе в конце XX столетия от традиционных представлений или, скажем аккуратнее, от единомыслия. Вульгарный штамп общественного транспорта: "Мужчина, не ведите себя как женщина" - устарел> .

The socio-economic approach continues to develop, which places emphasis on the problems of women’s behavior in the labor market and social policy in the field of women’s employment. The situation of rural women in connection with agrarian reform is examined separately, new aspects caused by the transition to market relations are considered - unemployment, women's entrepreneurship and participation in new economic structures, and the gender aspect of social mobility is analyzed.

Ethnocultural studies study, in particular, women's spiritual culture, traditions and customs of the Russian and other peoples of Russia from the point of view of the characteristics of socio-gender relations in a historical perspective, stereotypes<мужского>And<женского>. A number of works were carried out at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where interest in the ethnocultural characteristics of socio-sexual relations has existed for a long time. In the works of I.S. Kona pays a lot of attention to the theoretical aspects of the sociology of gender, taking into account the cross-cultural analysis of foreign and domestic historical and ethnographic data in the broad aspect of the socio-cultural characteristics of personality formation, M G Kotovskaya and N V Shalygina, using the focus group method, show that an important role in the formation of value The orientation of female students of humanities faculties in Moscow is played by the behavior patterns of a Western woman, while the majority of young men would not like to see their wife emancipated and, in particular, to marry a foreigner.

In the early 90s, a new methodology was identified in the analysis of women's problems - cultural. This direction took shape in Western postmodernism and involves, in particular, an analysis of not only the sphere of social consciousness - cultural ideas, stereotypes, but above all the mechanisms and sources of their formation. The gender approach within the framework of cultural studies was first designated by O.A. Voronina and T.A. Klimenkova. They note that in order to overcome the system of established gender roles<нельзя ограничиваться только юридическими и социально-экономическими мероприятиями. Сегодня очевидно, что гораздо более серьезного внимания заслуживает преодоление дискриминации женщин и традиционной идеологии в области культуры>. Subsequently, the methodology of postmodern feminism, in particular, which puts forward the thesis about the patriarchy of the technogenic culture of modernity, is used in a number of monographs to analyze modern Russian reality. This area includes works that apply a gender approach to the analysis of the media and preschool children's literature.

Note that the interpretations and results of studying the social aspects of gender from the positions of different authors, in particular feminist ones, do not always coincide. This is understandable. The picture of Russian reality in the transition period is very varied, combines elements of old and new and does not lend itself to a single measurement.

7. Prospects for the development of research on social problems of gender

If we keep in mind the Russian sociological traditions, there is hope that the analysis of socio-sexual specifics, including the gender approach, will eventually receive wider development in all branches and areas of sociological knowledge, and will not be confined only to gender centers. Based on such information, it will be possible to more deeply judge the nature of socio-sexual transformations and their causes. Actually, the readers themselves, after reading this book, can conclude in which modern branches of sociology the analysis of the social aspects of gender is emphasized, and in which it is absent altogether. Just one example - there are practically no results on the specifics of the activities of men and women in various branches of science (including in sociology itself), and not only from the point of view of the dynamics of their status positions, degrees and titles, but from the point of view of the style of work, characteristics scientific products, etc.

One of the important directions in the future is a more thorough study of issues related to the epistemological and sociocultural foundations of feminist orientation in Russian conditions. The fact that social relationships between the sexes are determined by cultural, historical and ethnocultural factors means that the conceptual framework and interpretation of research conducted in Russia must take into account its characteristics. Analysis of the specifics of Russian conditions does not consist in searching for some unique path of development of socio-sexual relations - this is impossible to the same extent as deviation from the general civilizational path of development (with all its pros and cons). We are talking only about the uniqueness of the present period. In Russian conditions, in the near historical future, it is impossible to repeat on a global scale something close to the unification of sexual differences - this experiment, carried out in the most difficult conditions of the country<лагерного социализма>, is still very much alive in the memory of generations and is associated with all the negative experiences of the Soviet stage in general (including the efforts of party committees and local committees to<защите женских интересов>). As, for example, L. Polyakov notes, in the post-Soviet situation<феминистское сознание невозможно как реакция на "мачизм" и "мужской шовинизм"... Не борьба с избытком мужского начала и его доминированием в культуре, а, скорее, восстановление мужского через культивирование отчетливо женского могло бы стать его наиболее насущной целью>. T.A. Marchenko notes<евразийскую>feature of Russia not so much by geographical location,<сколько по смешению культур народов, ее населяющих... Женщины здесь, как правило, берут принятие решений на себя, но далеко не всегда заседают в президиуме, исполняя скорее роль "серого кардинала">. Works devoted to employment and social policy also emphasize the specificity of socio-economic conditions. Modern Russian society is simultaneously agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial, which affects all spheres of social life. In order for women themselves to strive to work outside the home, not solely because of poverty and hopelessness, it is necessary to create not only a sphere of public services, but also decent jobs (as for men), i.e. those conditions that would contribute to the progress of women's emancipation and professional self-realization. In multinational Russia, it is extremely important to take into account ethnocultural specifics. How will the revival of previous traditions in new conditions affect the development of a woman’s personality and social equality? Will the return to these traditions be only temporary (understood as a regression in modern Western terminology) or a stable stage, suggesting a qualitatively different socio-gender structure? New trends should probably be taken into account, in particular, the dominance of an aggressive type of masculinity and pseudo-masculinity in the context of criminalization of society. And in this sense, the emergence of feminist movements in Russia is very timely.

What are the epistemological origins of sociocultural concepts of gender relations? This problem has been posed, but not yet understood. It must be emphasized that practically no scientific ideas arose on Russian soil that would belittle<женское>, and even Western theories of this kind did not receive active support (see above). Even a cursory glance at the nature of regional women's movements shows that many of them are focused around the problems of motherhood and families and are not yet aimed at combating patriarchy.

Answers to a number of fundamental questions within the framework of the egalitarian orientation of Western feminism have not yet been found. Is every socio-gender asymmetry unfair? Does egalitarianism imply equality of opportunity or equality of outcome? Doesn't the growth of the personal principle lead to an attempt to assign to each of the sexes only the advantages of the other and to refuse any obligations?

In the analysis of social problems of gender, the biopsychosocial approach is also very productive. Its use is initiated by biologists and anthropologists and is discussed in some works. In the West there is a strong biopsychosocial movement, particularly regarding issues of gender. We are not talking about a linear biodeterminism of sex roles, but about a complex mutual influence, including the social on the biological (for example, how does a change in the functions of women and men in society affect their biological and psychological characteristics, those that existed in conditions of a strict division of labor) . Assessing the role of the biological and social in human development is far from clear conclusions.

One of the problems is interdisciplinarity, which involves studying gender issues from the perspective of different disciplines. Now, perhaps due to growing pains, sometimes under the banner of interdisciplinarity there is a discarding of<традиционного>knowledge accumulated within specific disciplines, which is fraught<открытием азбучных истин>, but on a different methodological platform.

A special problem is methodology<женских>And<мужских>research. If the sample is formed exclusively from representatives of one sex, then the interpretation of specifics, for example, the special behavior of women in politics or business, looks very unconvincing. Often this specificity is explained by certain psychological characteristics of women (for example, conservatism or emotional instability) or men (initiative, assertiveness - quite feminine qualities in Soviet culture), which are more likely to correspond to<сексистским>stereotypes, and is not confirmed by the results of psychological research conducted within Russian culture. N.A. Chelysheva notes that when comparing the male and female parts of the research sample, it is necessary not only to adapt the methodological apparatus for these parts, but also to ensure their representativeness. It is also necessary to equalize samples and take into account other stratification parameters - nationality, age, class, etc., those that are especially relevant to modern Russian society.

The conceptual problem is also acute, which is often emphasized in works in connection with With <адаптацией>gender approach.<Проблема методологии и понятийного аппарата стоит в связи с великим и могучим русским языком. Мы практически имеем очень многослойный образный язык, и в данной ситуации отсутствуют социолингвистические исследования, которые посвящены переводу не только с языка мужского на женский, но и с английского на русский> .

In conditions of sociocultural differentiation and the relativity of knowledge, feminist orientation in sociology will take its rightful place, but at least within the framework of academic science, without claiming universality of explanation and understanding. Probably, over time, the demarcation of different directions of feminism in Russian conditions will be more clearly articulated, not so much in terms of the subject of study, but rather in terms of the initial theoretical premises. Currently:<Для нас вопрос о том, что такое тендерное исследование - это пока весьма открытый вопрос> .

Russian society is gradually developing from<узкого>type of cultural socialization to<широкому>, which presupposes variability and diversity at all levels of socialization, and as a consequence - the individualization of life styles, including the spread of different models of socio-sexual relations. But this cultural transformation, in turn, will be determined by socio-economic (modernization of the economy, etc.) and political (development of democratic institutions) conditions. The study of the social aspects of gender becomes important in the context of problems of stereotyping, which complicates the possibility of self-disclosure and making life choices. In the organizational structure of the sociological community, gender research will certainly develop, including through projects supported by foreign foundations, which often give preference to women scientists and highlight women's issues as a priority.

3 . Research methodology

1. Sociological survey to identify public opinion of the local society on the social role of women (see Appendix No. 1).

2. Comparison of the obtained data with the data of a similar sociological survey in Russia.

Research results

1. Absolutely all women teachers indicated that the main role of a woman is family,
2. Among young people, both boys and girls, only 30-33% consider family to be the main purpose of a woman,

1. Opinions on equal opportunities for professional growth are significantly divided; women and girls are convinced that the chances are equal (80 and 70%, respectively,
2. Among young men, only 30% agree with equal chances for men and women in career growth.

Opinions about the possibility of getting a well-paid job were distributed differently:

1. Boys and girls were approximately equally divided in their opinions on this issue,
2. Teachers are 100% confident in the priority of men;

1. A fairly small group of respondents believes that a woman’s work has a negative impact on the family (20% of teachers and 10% of young people)
2. Both female teachers and girls do not believe that a woman’s work can have a negative impact on children; among boys, 10% believe that it can.

1. Almost all female teachers indicated that they would like to see a man as their leader;
2. Among boys and girls, 30-33% are ready to see a woman as a leader, 60-64% preferred a man.

Conclusions:

1. The results of the survey showed that absolutely all women teachers indicated that the main role of women is family. Moreover, on average in Russia among the women surveyed (67%) there are almost 2 times more than among men (32%) who disagree with the “natural ”, a traditional view of the purpose of a woman.
2. An interesting fact is that opinions about career growth and getting a well-paid job were divided among women and boys exactly the opposite; the reason for these discrepancies may be gender stereotypes (i.e., ideas about “typical” male and female behavior);

1. The majority of respondents believe that a woman’s work does not have a negative impact on the family and children, which is confirmed by socio-psychological research data;
2. The vast majority of working women indicated that they would like to see a man as their boss (which is quite consistent with the data on the main role of women). Women teachers demonstrate a desire to obey and be the “weak half”, however, they primarily implement (according to socio-psychological research) the opposite style of behavior - authoritarian and dominant.

Conclusion

1. The position of women in society is a kind of barometer, sensitively responding to demographic, economic, environmental and political changes occurring in society. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in limiting gender-discriminatory practices. There has been an increase in women's educational attainment, the widespread and inclusive involvement of women in work outside the home, and their increasing participation in all stages of policy-making and decision-making, which is perceived differently across generations. Girls turned out to be the most emancipated, boys are noticeably influenced by gender stereotypes, female teachers are the most conservative (which runs counter to the average data for Russia regarding women with higher education - 13% of women do not agree with the traditional role of women)

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ANNEX 1

We ask you to answer the questions in the questionnaire.

You need to highlight the option that

matches your opinion.

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Your gender:

Male - Female

2. Your age:

15-20 years - 21-30 years - 31-45 years - 46-57 years -58 years and older

3. Your current marital status:

I am married - I am in a civil marriage - I am not married

4. What is your level of education?

Primary - Secondary - Secondary special

Higher education - I'm in high school

5. Do you agree that the main role of a woman in society is connected with her “natural” purpose - family, husband, children.

Yes -No -Difficult to answer

6. Do you think men and women really have the same chances for professional growth and advancement?

Chances are not equal - Chances are equal - Difficult to answer

7. Is your gender a barrier to career advancement?

Yes - No - Difficult to answer

8. Who would you like to see as a leader?

Man - Woman

9. In your opinion, if a woman works, then this has:

Negative impact on family;

Negative impact on children;

Work does not adversely affect the family or children.

10. Who do you think is easier to get a high-paying job:

Man - Woman

Thank you for your answers and help with the work!

The twentieth century is the era of industrialization, characterized by the struggle of women for their rights, the emergence of general education (albeit initially separate in form), the “performing” of male functions by women, the emergence of new professions and the modernization of old ones, which are successfully mastered by women.

As a result, there are more and more women who are successful in traditionally “male” fields of activity - politics, law, economics.

The process of changing the social roles of men and women connected a number of contradictions. The contradiction lies in the intersection of several lines of human development.

The contradiction lies in the intersection of several lines of human development:

Biological characteristics of the sexes that lead to functional and psychological differences;

Historical social inequality;

Socio-economic development, ensuring the social realization of women;

Feminism, sexism as extreme manifestations of women’s struggle for equality and their social place;

The global situation of socio-economic changes that create new opportunities for men and women and at the same time require greater resources, potential, and opportunities from the individual;

Constantly increasing instability of family relationships (number of divorces);

Declared equality of men and women;

Stereotypical ideas “about the rights and responsibilities” of different sexes, caused by traditional and psychophysiological differences;

Really existing dissimilarity and complementarity of men and women.

The solution to these problems depends on us, modern youth. Will we be able to get rid of gender role stereotypes and ensure successful social interaction between men and women in society.

The traditional role of a man is the breadwinner of the family, and the woman is the keeper of the hearth. However, due to major structural changes in society, this distribution of roles may change to a slight or very significant extent. This is what happened in Russia: women gradually and due to various circumstances took on male roles in addition to their own. Historically, these metamorphoses took place in five stages.

The first stage is the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. , when the rapid development of industry pushed huge masses of peasants out of the village and they went to waste industries. Otkhodnichestvo is a search for temporary work in cities and industrial centers. For a long time, the woman remained the real mistress of the house. She had to take on a significant part of men's work, including repair and construction. Thus, little by little, a non-traditional type of strong, independent, and later business woman began to emerge in Russia.

The second stage is Stalin's industrialization of the 30s. The extensive development of the national economy and the construction of a huge number of industrial facilities have increased the need for labor. But there was clearly not enough male labor. Unskilled female workers are actively being drawn into the economy. The state made appropriate ideological adjustments: women and men were equal in almost all rights. In other words, the division into purely male and purely female social roles was eliminated. Production and professional roles became available to women in large numbers. A new touch of the liberated wife of a proletarian is added to the old image of the otkhodnik’s wife.

The third stage is the Great Patriotic War and the post-war revival of the national economy. Huge losses of the male population of Russia on the fronts led to the fact that women in large numbers began to replace retired men in purely male, often physically difficult, jobs. From the main, or at least equal to man, subject of socialist construction, the Russian woman is turning into the main subject of the post-war economic revival. And besides, as a teacher of a huge army of children and teenagers who lost their fathers at the front. And all this fell on the lot of single mothers - the largest category of the post-war era.

In the peaceful years that followed, the social fate of Russian women was not entirely successful. Although over time the gender and age structure of the country's population has leveled out, its social role structure has become deformed. In other words, the man performed mainly production roles, and the woman performed both production and family roles. The divorce rate has increased when the child remains with the mother, which inevitably pushes the woman to “make a career.” The era of developed socialism - the fourth stage in the development of the muscular type of woman - added new features to the social portrait of Russian women. They were determined based on the high level of divorce, mass alcoholism of men, their passivity in helping women with housework and, finally, low wages for men, which doomed the Russian family to the so-called two-career and two-breadwinner family model.

The fifth stage has come recently in connection with the transition to market conditions. Major structural changes in the economy led to the ruin of entire sectors of the economy that were once prosperous. Male breadwinners, especially those from the financially secure defense sector, have either partially or completely lost their earnings. Unemployment affected women to an even greater extent. In new, more stringent socio-economic conditions, a new type of woman is being formed: traditional gentleness and the optimism inherent in her disappear, their place is taken by harshness, authoritarianism, overprotection of children, the desire to compete in business with men on an equal basis, and even greater imitation of muscular patterns of behavior. , including demonstrative smoking, the use of obscene expressions, emphasized rudeness and rudeness in treatment, the cult of power and money, love for money.

If the process of changing social roles existed constantly, then what is its peculiarity in our time? Where is the process going now?

Three main forecasts are possible: “War of the sexes”, “Return to patriarchy”, “Women’s and men’s mentalities as general cultural ones”.

Two extreme forecasts could be a harsh confrontation between men and women (“War of the Sexes”) and a division of female and male social roles in the image of traditional society (“Return to Patriarchy”). But in modern society this is unlikely. The third forecast option is most favorable for modern society.

“War of the Sexes” “Return to Patriarchy” “Double Mentality”

Social sphere (family) Absent Domostroy Complementary interaction between men and women

Education Separate for boys and girls, Only for boys Coeducational education and at the same time, however, essentially male (i.e., different, ensuring adequate as at present) gender and age development

Human psychology Aggression, clannishness, distrust. In men, fear of not being able to cope with Adequate gender identification, dissatisfaction with responsibility. Among women -

low self-esteem, manifestation

"domestic feminism"

Politics The emergence of “diverse” states. Territorial - economic cooperation

The struggle of states for gender confrontation between states regime

Right Sex discrimination Discrimination against women Equal rights

Science Absent No fundamental changes Fundamentally new turns, discoveries, visions, especially in the humanities and biology

Conditions under which a favorable prognosis may occur should include:

Thus, we can say that the tendency (direction) of this process is the emergence of a dual (female and male) mentality in culture.

This means that a person's social success will depend on the degree to which he develops a dual mentality and the ability to interact with the other sex.

Chapter 2. The emergence of a dual mentality in culture is a trend in modern society.

2. 1. The process of changing gender role stereotypes of women and men in society.

Historically, men have played a leading role in public life. It is they who are characterized by the fulfillment of the most important social roles. Let's look at some of them.

The role of the employee, the creator of basic material assets.

The role of the leader, organizer, politician.

The role of the defender of the Fatherland.

Perhaps the most important social role of a man is to be a husband and father.

It was believed that the ability to manage, to be an intelligent and educated person, to have self-control - all this is inherent only to men. It is generally accepted that strength is a distinctive feature of men.

However, there are many examples showing that women throughout human history have coped with leadership functions just as well as men.

History is full of great women. There are countless queens and empresses alone. Some of them still enjoy enormous authority among their subjects, for example, the Queen of England.

One of the largest empires was ruled by Catherine the Second. She controlled the destinies of millions. Corresponding with great thinkers, she simultaneously showed herself to be a cruel tyrant: she waged useless wars and shot her opponents.

Modern society has created new opportunities for women's social fulfillment.

Women successfully cope with the role of leader, organizer, and politician.

Women head the governments of some countries - Germany, Finland, Latvia. Including those where traditionally a woman was considered a second-class citizen - in India, Bangladesh, Turkey, Liberia and other countries

As for Western countries, for the first time in the history of Austria, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was headed by a 63-year-old woman, Lise Prokop, who had previously worked in the government of the state of Nith-Austria. American women are becoming increasingly involved in politics. Washington State will be represented for the first time by (black) Twain Moore. One of the main political intrigues of New York, which was recognized as the most popular US politician in 2003.

There are 14 senators, 49 members of the lower house of Congress, and 8 female governors in the United States. The US Secretary of State is also a woman - Condoleezza Rice. The leader of the US Democratic Party is Hilary Clinton.

Prime Minister of Ukraine - Yulia Tymoshenko.

Also worthy of attention are major political leaders of Russia - Irina Khakamada, Oksana Dimitrieva, Elena Drapeko, Valentina Matvienko, Valeria Novodvorskaya. There is a public movement “Women of Russia”; the leader of the all-Russian movement “Hope of Russia” is Tatyana Savinko. Mayor of the city of St. Petersburg - Valentina Matvienko. Mayor of Uglich - E. Sheremetyeva.

More and more women leaders have begun to appear in the Russian economy. In the Tver region, 5T workers are mostly women, successful managers - Natalya Kurnavina, Tatyana Andreeva, Valentina Abramova, Lidiya Pavlova, Anna Sharinova. Veronica Borovin was recognized as the most successful business lady in Russia - Lilchevskaya - President of the Media Holding company Top Secret. Olga Dergunova, President of Microsoft in Russia and the CIS, was included in the global list of business leaders in 2004.

The process of changing the social roles of men and women has currently led to a number of contradictions. The global situation of socio-economic changes has created new opportunities for men and women and at the same time requires greater resources, potential, and opportunities from the individual. In a market economy, an employee must have such qualities as individual responsibility. Activity, initiative, rationalism, etc.

Man and woman. Who is better? (in%) opinion poll

the best parents the best workers the best managers

5 men 14 men 36 men

34 women 20 women 12 women

59 equally 64 equally 49 equally

2 difficult to answer 2 difficult to answer 3 difficult to answer

At the same time, the current economic situation in Russia has led to many men taking on the role of “mother and housewife,” while their wives took up careers and businesses. Many women in Russia work several jobs and support their families, while some men were affected by the economic crisis: having lost their jobs in their specialty for various reasons, they were unable to adapt to new conditions, find a different field of activity, another job, at best. They take care of the house, children, and at worst, they become passive.

Stereotypical ideas “about the rights and responsibilities” of different sexes continue to exist, caused by traditional and psychophysiological differences.

Traditional views on gender relations remain very influential in our society. In reality, many people still prefer to deal with men.

“Unfortunately, here (the city of Kanash and the Kanashsky district), as everywhere else in Russia, the number of unemployed women predominates. In percentage terms, it ranges from 70 to 80 percent. Moreover, women’s wages are 6 percent lower than men’s.”

There are few women in Russian business. “Over the course of 1999-2004, specialists from the State University - Higher School of Economics processed media reports about the resignations and appointments of top managers. During the period under review, only every 10th appointment was to the fair sex, notes Sergei Roshchin, one of the authors of the study, head of the department of the Faculty of Economics of the State University - Higher School of Economics. There are thousands of Russian managers included in the professional reputation rating, which has been compiled since 2002. According to the Association of Russian Managers, in 2004 only 6% were women.”

Such a violation of the gender stereotype is not accidental and has roots in the peculiarities of our culture. The proclaimed orientation towards social equality of men and women leads to this. That they are being prepared for a very similar path in life: regardless of gender, everyone needs to get an education and work; for a woman, the family acts only as an “additional” sphere of fulfillment. At the same time, in our society traditional views on gender relations as hierarchical remain very influential, therefore both the people around us and various circumstances (preferential admission of boys to higher education institutions, to work, etc.) constantly remind us of the advantages of men. This situation stimulates the development of the following qualities in women: competitiveness, desire for dominance, hyperactivity.

We conducted a social survey among female students aged 16 to 20 years old “Your chances of emancipation.”

Before using the term “emancipation”, let us define it based on the root meaning of the word. In Latin, the word “emancipare” means: 1) to free a son from his father’s authority and thereby declare him independent.

2) formally refuse something, alienate, yield.

The root of the word “emancipation” can be interpreted as “liberation from a certain role.” For almost a century, emancipation has been “claiming” to be an active element: those subject to discrimination, especially women, are demanding the right to liberation from the role imposed on them.

The proclaimed orientation towards social equality of men and women leads to the fact that they are prepared for a very similar path in life: regardless of gender, everyone needs to get an education and work, the family acts as an “additional” sphere of fulfillment for women.

As a result of the study of personal data, we came to the following conclusions:

1. Conclusion: Modern girls in most cases want to continue their education after graduating from college. Moreover, they need education to make a career.

2. Conclusion: Only 1/3 of female students in the next 5 years see such prospects in their personal lives as getting married and having a child. Please note that the best age for women’s reproductive function, according to doctors, is 20-25 years.

3. Conclusion: There have been changes in stereotypes of ideas about the social roles of men and women in the family. If it has long been believed that a man is the head of the family, the breadwinner, and a woman is the keeper of the home. This position is supported by only 12% of respondents.

4. Conclusion: Many female students see themselves in a leadership position or want to engage in entrepreneurial activities.

As a result, more and more women are appearing in successful and traditionally “male” fields of activity - politics, law, economics. And what is perhaps more important, this success is ensured not by the adoption of masculine characteristics and strategies of action, but, on the contrary, by the use of a “feminine style.”

This process is reflected in such social phenomena as:

Feminism and other women's movements;

Dependence of professional success on gender;

Penetration of women into traditionally male professions;

Low social adaptability of men in modern Russia;

Facilitation of household work;

The introduction of separate education - the emergence of women's gymnasiums and cadet corps.

2. 2 Activation of the role of women and the contradictions of society.

There are several problems caused by changes in a woman's social status. It is very difficult to find similar points of view on what role a woman should play in society and family. We looked at the two most opposite of them.

Many people of both sexes (supporters of conservative views) are convinced that women are predetermined by nature to have second roles in social life.

They explain their point of view this way: a woman should have the main role, first of all, in creating and strengthening a family. But it is impossible to perform this role well if you combine it with an active social life in society. That is, without a woman fulfilling the role of homemaker, the family will cease to be strong. The whole society may suffer from this.

Conservatives name several social problems that can develop due to “a woman leaving the family” and give arguments.

Another group of people (supporters of feminist views) believes that a woman should have absolutely equal rights and opportunities with a man.

Feminists believe that a woman is absolutely no different from a man and can successfully replace him in many areas of social life.

First of all, a woman should have the opportunity to pursue a career on an equal basis with a man. And only when she achieves complete economic independence, then let her think about the family or do without it. When starting a family, it is the woman who can serve as the main breadwinner, even if the husband is successful. A woman can successfully make a career, and a man must take on some of the household chores.

That is, this group advocates for full rights for women and even seeks to give them greater rights as compensation for the oppressed position in which women have been throughout human history. And they also give their arguments.

Many experts believe that if the differences between the fulfillment of social roles by men and women disappear, society will lose a lot. It will simply weaken because:

1. A man will lose interest in what he does in his professional field.

Arguments: any work, be it scientific activity, artistic creativity or work in production, is performed most successfully by a man because there is a beloved woman nearby, who is the mother of his children. They all need his labor efforts.

A man, as a rule, is very happy to bring to the family everything that is expected of him - money earned, news of his successes. He feels recognized by his family for his achievements and strives to do even better. It turns out that if a man is a leader in the production sector, then he brings more benefits to both the family and society.

2. A woman will lose interest in what many families rely on - to be a housewife, to create coziness, warmth, and comfort in the family.

Arguments: if a woman feels her special female role in the family and is happy with this, then all family members are happy. A good husband and loving children return everything to such a woman in full with their love, care, warmth, tenderness.

3. The family loses its meaning, it loses its main purpose and people stop striving to create a family.

4. Children will not receive the life experience they need in the family.

Arguments: boys will learn nail-driving skills from their mother, and dad will give them housekeeping lessons.

Who is right - conservatives or feminists? We will analyze several social problems, citing the arguments of conservatives and feminists, and formulate our own point of view.

Main Issues Conservative Feminists

Decrease “If a woman thinks more, “A woman should have the opportunity to make a career on an equal basis with a man.”

fertility about her career, then she will have no time to give birth to children"

Constitution of the Russian Federation Art. 19(part 3)

For the period 1992-1998. births decreased by 36% “Men and women have equal rights and freedom and equal children. opportunities for their implementation”

Abbreviation “Reduced defense capability of the country, 1. Create a professional strength, the country’s sovereignty is under threat.” army in Russia.

defenders

Fatherland. 2In the USA and Western countries, women serve in the army.”

Growth “Criminals in families in which children are poorly cared for. The causes of crime are not rooted in the employment of parents and crime is looked after.” neglect of children, minors and in the personality of the parents themselves.

More than 80% of adult criminals committed their first offenses while underage. A drinking mother, as a rule, does not work, but does not look after her children.

reduction “The population of the country will begin to decline, old people”People do not want to have children, because the number will become greater than the number of young people. This means that active labor means that it is difficult to support them.”

The working-age population will not be able to feed pensioners.”

population. The poverty rate in 2004 was 37% of Russian families.

Every year the country's population decreases by 700 thousand.

Human. Financial situation of the family in Russia

(opinion poll)

The problems of modern society on this topic were discussed in groups among students: the guys identified problems and suggested ways to solve them.

Using this table, a sociological survey was conducted among students aged 16 to 20 years. The survey results are as follows:

Who is right - conservatives or feminists?

For the Conservatives:

Girls - 5

For feminists:

Girls - 38

Our conclusions.

1. One part of society is subject to traditional stereotypical ideas about male and female images, including the social roles they perform.

2. Another part of society, under the influence of the feminist movement, advocates the proclamation of gender equality.

3. The disappearance of stereotypical ideas “about the rights and responsibilities” of different sexes, both among women and men.

4. The right to choose social, professional activities or the role of mother and wife in any case should depend on the woman herself.

2. 3 Family and professional activities of women.

Processes of deep transformation of social relations, changes in social value priorities, and people’s lifestyles affect the institution of the family. The intensification of the social role of women in society creates for many women the problem of combining social, professional activities and the role of mother and wife. Because most functions in the family are performed by women (reproductive, educational, economic, household, primary social control, etc.).

The beginning of the formation of any family is the process of courtship. In our culture, it develops quite traditionally - a man is active, expresses his feelings, tries to win attention; the woman is relatively passive and feminine. Since the traditional form of courtship is one of the few manifestations of the double standard that directly “benefits” the woman, it is relatively easy for her to adopt a dependent position. After marriage, the distribution of roles and responsibilities begins to take shape in a very traditional way: the wife, trying to be “good” and as feminine as during courtship, takes on most of the responsibilities. However, in this situation the traditional double standard turns out to be inconvenient. Unequal participation in family affairs (especially noticeable in connection with the internalized idea of ​​gender equality and truly equal participation in professional activities) quite quickly ceases to suit a woman. And although such a distribution of roles is objectively beneficial for the husband (it leaves more time and more freedom), at the same time, it once again emphasizes the activity of the woman’s position and the passivity of the man’s position, which can cause psychological discomfort in him as well.

This situation is further aggravated when the first child is born in the family. Research, both Soviet and foreign, shows that after this, the spouses’ satisfaction with the marriage begins to decrease, since the birth of a child leads to a significant traditionalization of the position of both spouses, when the wife performs purely feminine affairs and responsibilities related to family and home, and the husband - men's, associated primarily with work. While the child is very small, such a distribution of responsibilities is relatively justified in the eyes of both spouses. The decline in marital satisfaction reaches its maximum by the time the child turns 3-4 years old and caring for him, even from the point of view of ordinary consciousness, no longer requires any special feminine qualities. During this period, maternity leave ends and the woman has a double burden: regardless of her desire, she is forced to go to work and at the same time continue to do the vast majority of housework. Naturally, this situation does not suit women; moreover, going to work strengthens their muscular orientation, which also contributes to increased activity and the need to change the family situation.

Number of registered divorces per 1000 population by year.

1997 1998 1999 2000

Russia (country as a whole) 3.4 3.38 3.7 3.8

Chuvashia (republic as a whole) 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.7

Rural population of Chuvashia 1 1 1.1 1

Number of divorces per 1000 marriages - 2002 Moscow-722

Chuvash Republic-640 officially registered marriage 72% living together without registering a marriage18% wedding or other forms of religious celebration7% of marriage I don’t consider it necessary to have a family2% WHAT FORM OF FAMILY

RELATIONSHIP IS FOR YOU

MOST ACCEPTABLE? find it difficult to answer1%

WHAT DO YOU THINK THE ATMOSPHERE IS IN THE FAMILIES OF YOUR ACQUAINTMENTS? (V %)

Peace and love Friendly family There are problems, but the atmosphere is nervous Discord, quarrels They find it difficult to answer

The spiritual values ​​and guidelines of modern youth have changed. The survey data showed that for modern youth, in most cases, purely pragmatic, material life goals are characteristic, and the family comes in last place in importance. (diagram)

Can a woman combine her professional activities and family

We conducted a social survey among women aged 25 to 55 years.

After analyzing the personal data, we came to the following conclusions:

1. Women begin to make careers much later than men. Having worked at the company for more than 10 years, they decide to take a higher position.

2. A woman is engaged in professional activities, in most cases, in order to replenish the family budget; they perceive a career as personal growth, as self-realization. Moreover, men understand prestigious and promising positions by career.

3. We saw 3 groups of working women:

1. The first group includes women who have worked for more than 20 years, mainly specialists with secondary specialized education or higher education. They play the role of a housewife in the family and have from 2 to 3 children.

2. Women of the second group are engaged exclusively in professional activities, they have reached the position of middle managers, since they are not yet married or there are no children in their family,

3. The third group includes women who got married and continued to work. They combine their profession and personal life. Not every woman can bear such a load. The only way to solve this problem is through the active involvement of the husband in the family business.

Why are you engaged in professional activities?

What role do you play in the family?

Who makes money in your family?

How many children are in your family?

Who is raising the children in your home?

Conclusion: In the 90s of the twentieth century, a new state policy began to take shape in the Russian Federation. There were statements “Main directions of state family policy”, which provided for the provision of the necessary conditions for the family to implement its functions and improve the quality of life of all family members.

The patriotism of the state in relation to the family must be replaced by the principles of partnership and division of responsibility; husband and wife have equal rights in the opportunities for self-realization in the labor sphere and social activities.

Conclusion

The process of deep transformational social relations, changes in social value priorities, and people’s lifestyles have an impact on the social roles of men and women, affecting the institution of the family and the position of women in it.

In our work, we proposed three options for changing the social roles of men and women: “War of the Sexes”, “Return to Patriarchy”, “Women’s and men’s mentalities as general cultural ones”.

Two extreme forecasts could be a harsh confrontation between men and women (“War of the Sexes”) and a division of female and male social roles in the image of traditional society (“Return to Patriarchy”).

Historically, men have played a leading role in public life. They are the ones who fulfill the most important social roles, and the main role of a woman is that of a mother and housewife.

But in modern society this is unlikely. Because the processes of emancipation and feminization equalized women and men in their rights and gave women the opportunity to lead an active social life on an equal basis with men.

The third forecast option is most favorable for modern society. In our work, we proposed the conditions under which a favorable forecast can be realized, they should include:

The legal basis for real equality of people;

Changing the education system for adequate gender and age development of the younger generation;

State and public support for family and marriage;

Inclusion of women (in quantity and quality comparable to men) in government bodies at various levels;

Changing people's gender-role stereotypes.

Thus, we can say that the tendency (orientation) of the modern process in society is the emergence in culture of a dual (female and male) mentality. This means that a person's social success will depend on the degree to which he develops a dual mentality and the ability to interact with the other sex.

However, the proclaimed orientation towards social equality of men and women leads to the fact that they are prepared for a very similar life path: regardless of gender, everyone needs to get an education and work, the family for women acts as an “additional” sphere of realization.

The spiritual values ​​and guidelines of modern youth have changed. The survey data showed that for modern youth, in most cases, purely pragmatic, material life goals are characteristic, and the family comes in last place in importance. Modern girls see their prospects as continued education and the opportunity to make a career.

This has led to the emergence of a number of problems in society: a decline in the birth rate, a reduction in the working-age population, a reduction in the number of defenders of the Fatherland, an increase in juvenile delinquency, and a growing danger of social degradation of the family in general.

The problems listed above primarily affect the family. Because they increase misunderstanding, discontent and even confrontation between men and women. The results of sociological research show a constant increase in the number of single-parent families, single women and men.

Apparently, the favorable development of the process under consideration depends on the formation of a female mentality in our culture (created by men). However, this does not mean simply adding something new to what already exists. Since male and female development are inextricably linked with each other, the emergence of a female mentality in a culture will cause corresponding changes in the male one.

It is necessary to find an optimal solution to this problem: active support from the state and society. State family policy must be adequate to the new socio-economic and political realities of Russian society. There must be long-term prospects for strengthening and developing the family, creating equality and respect for all family members.

Compliance with and expansion of the principles of family policy by all institutions of society is the key to family stability. Increasing the moral and educational potential of the family depends not only on the activity of the woman, but also the man who is the father of the children. Only the active intervention of society and relevant organizations can ensure the strengthening of the family and the formation of new family relationships.