Gear ratios automatic transmission gas 14. Museum of the legend of the USSR. Wheels and tires

The GAZ-14, known as the "Chaika", was a Soviet executive car produced at the Gorky Plant between 1977 and 1988. In just 11 years of production, 1,120 copies were made. The predecessor is the Chaika GAZ-13 model, which for a long time was considered the best representative car in the USSR and was used as vehicle for government structures and the top party leadership of the country.

The development of the new "Seagull" began in 1967, with a clear trend to imitate the style of American cars of that time. However, limousines and Cadillacs from the USA, although they were distinguished by their magnificent design, had a number of drawbacks, such as high fuel consumption or too wide dimensions. As a result, the external parameters of the second generation Chaika somewhat echoed the American models, but were more modest. Nevertheless, for the USSR, the GAZ-14 "Seagull" became a real breakthrough in the passenger car industry.

The car was created on the GAZ-13 chassis, but the body was planned in a completely different configuration. Developers immediately ran into layout problems. The engine was too high, the hood had to be raised more than 8 centimeters, and in combination with the low-slung roof, there was a visual mismatch in proportions. The exterior had to be worked on.

In 1971, the first prototype of the car was assembled, the wheelbase of which was 200 millimeters longer. The engine was placed lower, and gradually the body acquired the design outlines. In 1975, several prototypes passed road tests, and a year later the car was accepted by the state commission and recommended for mass production.

GAZ-14: specifications

Body type - four-door sedan, type - limousine, capacity - 7 seats. Max Speed car - 175 km / h, volume fuel tank- 100 liters.

Dimensions and weight parameters:

• body length - 6 114 mm;
• height - 1 525 mm;
• width - 2020 mm;
• ground clearance (clearance) - 210 mm;
• wheelbase - 3,450 mm;
• rear track - 1,580 mm;
• vehicle weight - 2,605 kg;
• gross weight - 3,165 kg.

Power point

The engine for the new car was taken from the predecessor GAZ-13, but it was radically modernized. By changing the valve timing, replacing the intake manifold and other measures, it was possible to increase power from 195 to 220 hp. This significantly improved the dynamic performance of the GAZ-14 "Chaika", increased the speed and acceleration of the car.

Engine Specifications:

• model ZMZ-13;
• type carburetor, gasoline;
• working volume of cylinders - 5526 cubic meters. cm;
• number of cylinders - 8;
• cylinder diameter - 100 mm;
• arrangement V-shaped;
• piston stroke - 88 mm;
• hydraulic valve drive;
• compression ratio - 8.5;
• power 220 hp;
• gasoline consumption in the city - 29 liters per 100 km;
• fuel consumption in mixed mode - 24 liters per 100 km;
• cooling - antifreeze, antifreeze;
• recommended fuel - gasoline AI-95 "Extra";

The GAZ-14 engine was equipped with an electronic ignition system, which made it possible to save up to 15% of fuel.

Transmission

The car was equipped with an automatic transmission based on the American Fordomatic. The transmission turned out to be quite efficient, three-stage, with two modes T (engine braking) and one P (parking mode). The box is equipped with a double clutch, which interacts with a Ravigne-type gearbox that regulates the shifting of first gear and reverse.

Second gear is engaged in the usual way. The third, direct, starts working after both clutch mechanisms are engaged and the band brakes are released.

In addition to the planetary gearbox, a torque converter plays a separate role in the gearbox, which provides an extended range of gear ratios.

Chassis

The front suspension of the GAZ-14 was redesigned, the kingpins and threaded bushings that regulate the toe-in were replaced with rounded fist with ball joints. Double transverse levers were attached to the beam by means of rubber-metal hinges. The rear suspension, dependent on parabolic, leaf springs, did not need to be modified, but the hydraulic shock absorbers were replaced with more modern ones.

Today, leaf spring suspension is considered an anachronism, but at that time it was the most effective means of achieving comfort. The smooth rocking of the car evoked a feeling of peace and relaxation among the passengers of the Soviet limousine.

Brake system

The GAZ-14 car was modernized in almost all areas. The improvement also affected the braking system, which had to meet the highest technical requirements and ensure the safety of the car. Licensed Lucas-Girling, ventilated discs with double calipers were installed on the front wheels. The rear brakes left the same, drum type, with automatically adjustable pad clearance. The handbrake was connected only to the rear wheels.

The GAZ-14 brake system is dual-circuit, with diagonal action, the front left wheel is connected by a pipeline to the right rear, and the left rear wheel to the right front wheel. A special load sensor is installed on the car, which regulates the braking intensity of the rear axle. With an increase in the weight of the machine, a valve is activated that opens the forward flow of the hydraulics in brake cylinders rear wheels, and the coefficient of their action in this case reaches 100%.

Interior

Much attention was paid to equipping the internal space of the GAZ-14, since the car was intended to transport not only Soviet leaders, but also foreign guests. Attention was drawn to the numerous servos installed throughout the cabin. Automation, electric lifts, touch switches - all this worked to increase the comfort of the cabin, which was equipped with two independent heaters, a sophisticated and efficient ventilation system, automatic air intake dampers and an integrated air conditioner that provides a multi-layer distribution of the cooling zone.

The cabin contained a stereo radio receiver from the Riga Radiotekhnika plant, a Vilma cassette set-top box, and four compact speakers providing stereo sound. At that time, all this equipment was considered the height of achievements and was perceived as ultra-modern equipment.

They tried to make the GAZ-14 salon as safe as possible, even the upholstery of the seats and doors was used from thickened velor, which could serve as a shock absorber in case of an accident.

Timeline of production

The serial production of the Soviet GAZ-14 limousine could only be called conditionally. The car was assembled not on a conveyor, but in special workshops, by manual assembly on slipways. About a hundred cars were produced this way a year. Each machine passed critical tests with a numbered certificate, which included all the engineers and workers involved in the assembly.

In 1988, by order of the famous politician M. Gorbachev, the GAZ-14 was discontinued. The release of the car stopped, all documentation was destroyed. The unique car has sunk into oblivion.

But nevertheless, in 2008, the car was awarded the title of cultural and technical object of the former USSR.

GAZ-14, the price of which ranges from 650,000 to 2,400,000 rubles, can be purchased at specialized car dealerships in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Photo: Nikolai Kovalevsky for the site; archive site

In July of this year, our portal published the article "Aerospace Era", in which we talked about the brightest representatives of the Soviet automotive baroque: GAZ-13 Chaika and ZIL-111.

Now it's time to talk about their successors: the "Seagull" GAZ-14 and one of the last representatives of the passenger products of the Likhachev plant ZIL-41041.

According to the good old tradition, the Avtoretro club and the chairman of its board of trustees Dmitry Borisovich Baskov again helped us in organizing the test, providing these unique cars.

If everything is simple with the fourteenth Chaika, it is a seven-seat sedan in the standard and, accordingly, the most popular modification, then the ZIL that participated in our test is not quite ordinary. The fact is that the standard version of the ZiL passenger car of this generation is a seven-seater limousine with three rows of seats. Our copy is a shortened version of this limousine - a five-seater sedan.

Besides, this car used for official purposes by Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov (!), who only recently received the prefix "former".

Due to the shortening of the ZIL, an option was considered to get a third car for this test - a full-size ZIL with a limousine body. Such a car, and even in a rare modification 41045, is “registered” in the village of Gorny Shield, but now it is in Moscow for maintenance, and it is likely that the car will not return from the capital, there are too many who want to buy it.

True, the current owner does not want the unique ZiL to leave the country, and therefore is waiting. Customers (albeit from the former USSR) are increasingly living abroad. One even flew in from Brazil on purpose - to ask the price.

GAZ-13 "Chaika" was produced for almost 20 years, from 1959 to 1978, becoming a long-lived car. But in the United States, which in those years set the tone for automotive design, models made in a similar style were discontinued already in 57-58, replacing them with even more extravagant ones. In 1961, a restyling attempt was made at the Gorky Automobile Plant, the main idea of ​​which was to equip the Chaika with double optics, but such a car did not go into series.

In addition, in the early 60s, the vector of American fashion again abruptly changed direction. The new style implied an angular body with flat panels, smooth sidewalls with a stiffener, a rectangular roof, almost flat windshield and rear windows, short front and long rear overhangs. In the Soviet automobile industry, the characteristic representative of this direction was the GAZ-24 Volga car.

The development of the new "Seagull" began in 1967, and soon a full-size layout was ready. The design did not copy a specific foreign model, but had a collective image of a luxurious american car that time. The project was approved, after which they began to manufacture running prototypes.

The first pancake turned out lumpy. Created on the basis of the GAZ-13, the car had a low roofline and a high hood, which violated the visual proportions. In addition, the low roof made it necessary to increase the wheelbase to maintain the necessary legroom for passengers. The second prototype saw the light only in 1971.

The wheelbase was increased by 200 mm, the chassis was also reworked, there is information that the camber of the cylinder block was even slightly increased to lower the hood line. In 1975, another prototype appeared, appearance which was drawn by Stanislav Volkov, then a very young designer. Later he was the author and head of the Gazelle design projects.

The first serial "Seagull" GAZ-14 of cherry color (!) was assembled in 1976, it was a "labor gift" to L. I. Brezhnev on the occasion of his birthday. And the first industrial batch of these cars appeared only in 1977, this year is considered to be the beginning of the production of the model. It turns out that more than ten years have passed between the start of work on the new Chaika and its entry into mass production.

If the Chaika GAZ-14 is the direct successor to the GAZ-13, then the ZIL-41041 is separated from the ZIL-111 described in the Aerospace Age by several models.

In 1964, N. S. Khrushchev was dismissed, L. I. Brezhnev came to power. Communist #1 needed new car No. 1. So the “deep restyling” ZIL-111G was replaced by new model ZIL-114. Despite the fact that Brezhnev was an avid motorist, unlike Stalin and Khrushchev, he did not interfere in the creation process.

The car turned out to be original, not directly imitating American models and quite modern. Almost the entire design was created from scratch, with the exception of the engine, but it was also seriously redesigned.

ZIL-114 1967–78. 113 units produced.

In 1971, a shortened version of the 114th appeared, which received the index 117. There are two versions of why this model appeared. First (official): a car was needed to escort government motorcades, shorter and lighter, which means faster and more maneuverable. But large limousines continued to walk in escorts, as well as "Seagulls" and "Volga".

According to the second version (not official), the 117th was created by the personal order of Leonid Ilyich as a driver's car. Brezhnev liked to drive ZiL personally and there are many eyewitnesses who saw him driving the 117th. Subsequently, the short ZIL received the status of a personal car for candidates for members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU and members of the Government of the USSR, occupying a niche between the then thirteenth "Seagull" and ZIL-114.

Work on the creation of the next generation of high-end cars began in October 1974, and by the end of 1975, five prototypes were built, which received the 114H index. Over the next two years, they were tested and refined, and the model was put into mass production in November 1978. The car had a factory index of 115, but the country was moving to a new four-digit classification scheme, according to which the limousine received the official designation 4104.

ZIL-114N experimental, 1975

Compared to the ZIL-114, there were few changes. The design has become more angular, having lost its former swiftness, the glazing area has decreased. The radiator grille became more massive and protruded forward, chrome trim appeared around the wheel arches.

At first glance, GAZ-14 and ZIL-41041 seem similar, but in fact, the stylistic solutions of these cars are different. GAZ-14 is first of all "Seagull". The fourteenth, although it looks angular compared to the thirteenth, its silhouette remained swift, flying. And yet, whatever one may say, "The Seagull" is the bearer of the American style, a car that still made the "Catch up and overtake" era.

ZIL is perhaps more European. Russian Mercedes? More like a Rolls-Royce. Some Silver Spur from the 80s. The same simple rectangular body shapes, double square headlights and a grille reminiscent of the pediment of an ancient temple. The only difference is that Rolls-Royce has a vertical grille, while ZiL has a horizontal one and instead of the “Spirit of Ecstasy” figurine, there is a large ZiL emblem. Add to this the manual assembly and low production volumes. AT good years ZIL collected about 20 cars a year, Rolls-Royce with its annual one and a half thousand to such exclusivity, oh, how far!

In general, the exterior of the "Seagull" looks more balanced and holistic. When looking at the ZIL-41041, one gets the feeling that the car does not have a common style, a single concept. In principle, the way it is: first, model 4104 was decorated with status decor elements, and in two steps, and then “stopped”. Our ward is short for such a massive radiator grille, and its interior has not grown a bit to a huge hood and trunk.

Nevertheless, ZIL is inferior to the Chaika, whose length is more than 6.1 m, quite a bit - 364 mm. Despite the fact that the main losses fell on the interior, the ZiLovsky wheelbase of 3300 mm is only 150 mm shorter than the GAZ one.

If we had a ZIL limousine, he would dot the i, because with a length of 6330 mm, this car was at one time the largest in the world among the serial ones. And the heaviest: the curb weight exceeded 3.5 tons for unarmored versions. By and large, the category "C" in the rights is also needed to control the short 41041, its gross weight is 3560 kg.

In executive class cars, the main ones, of course, are the passengers. Large and heavy doors swing wide open for them, and high roofs do not require bending in three deaths. You don’t get into these cars, but you literally enter. But if you entered the ZIL and flopped down on the seat, then in the "Seagull" you need to take another step back before you can sit on a very comfortable sofa molded for two people.

Forget extra air vents in the B-pillars or roof for rear passengers. And about the additional air conditioning control unit from the rear sofa too. In Chaika, the air conditioner is located in the trunk, and the rear passengers are the first to receive cool streams! And the driver will already get something ... At the Likhachev plant, they decided to exclude such discrimination and put two air conditioning units with three heaters!

The engines of both cars are the heirs of those that were under the hoods of the heroes of our last test. The Tchaikovsky V8 is not very different from its progenitor on the GAZ-13, even the volume has not changed - 5.5 liters. Only now it produces 220 hp. instead of 195 hp The change in the valve timing, the refinement of the manifolds and the installation of two carburetors instead of one helped. To reduce noise and increase the stability of the engine, the pushers are made hydraulic, and the crankshaft is equipped with a torsional vibration damper.

The Zilovsky engine has been upgraded more seriously. Even before getting into engine compartment 114th, the 6-liter engine of the 111th turned into a 7-liter engine, at the same time receiving an aluminum cylinder block, a four-chamber carburetor and a transistorized ignition system. As a result, the power increased from 200 hp. up to 300 hp, the torque was 559 Nm.

At first, a 2-speed automatic transmission from the 111th was installed on the 114th, but it did not cope well with the increased power. In 1975 appeared new box- 3-speed. All this allowed a three-ton car to accelerate to 100 km / h in 13.5 seconds, almost ten seconds faster than the 111th. The maximum speed is 190 km/h. The ZIL-117 that appeared then lost the middle row of seats, became shorter by 580 mm and lighter by 200 kg. The maximum speed increased to 200 km/h, making it the fastest mass-produced car in the USSR for many years. Acceleration from 0 to 100 km / h took 13 seconds.

For 4104, the engine was boosted again, bringing its volume to 7.69 liters, but the power increased by only 15 hp. The torque has changed more significantly and amounted to 608 Nm, which made it possible to maintain the maximum speed at the same level, despite the curb weight increased to 3.5 tons. The acceleration dynamics even improved - by half a second. In this form, the ZiLovsky carburetor engine with two valves per cylinder survived until the 21st century.

Like the ZIL, the Chaika is equipped with a 3-speed automatic transmission. Compared to the GAZ-13, due to the increased gear ratio of the main gear, the first two speeds were made shorter, and instead of the outlandish push-button mode switch, a more familiar selector with a linear stroke was installed.

Both cars have a frame body structure, both have a rear axle on springs, and the parking brake is activated by a foot pedal and acts on the rear wheels. But ZIL is a car of a higher class, and therefore some elements of its design are more progressive than those of the Chaika.

For example, the Chaika has rear drum brakes, while the ZIL-41041 has disc brakes on all wheels. The front suspension is also more modern - on ball bearings. Gorky also offered this option for the fourteenth, but then left the pivots. True, in the 41st, torsion bars play the role of an elastic element, and in the "Seagull" - albeit less hardy, but lighter springs. There are differences in the steering mechanism.

As for the interior, the "Seagull" and here is distinguished by a single style, while ZIL is woven from contradictions. And it doesn’t matter that the real wood in the Chaika salon is only on the automatic transmission selector handle, and the rest is a film with a wood pattern, like on Soviet furniture, the style is superbly maintained.

In the ZIL-41041 cabin, the tree is the most real, moreover, valuable species, and there are a lot of them! The veneer is sheathed not only in most of the front panel and almost the entire center console, but also in the sliding covers of the central boxes, doors and even window sills. Looks great! But next to all this splendor - ill-fitting panels made of rough plastic, buttons and switches from a ZiL truck!

Due to the partition separating the driver and passenger compartment, the driver is forced to sit pressed against the steering wheel, which partially covers the instruments with its hub. However, the seats themselves are quite comfortable.

To say that there are miscalculations in the ergonomics of ZiL would be wrong. It is unlikely that the creators of the interior calculated anything at all, they simply added new elements as they appeared. Got 41047 and electric mirrors...

Radiotehnika automatically finds a wave, usually “Mayak”, and the salon is filled with the analog sound of the early 80s, which, with its crackling and clicking in the speakers, will easily disturb the soul of an old music lover. Great! Today, some musicians even purchase vintage guitars and microphones, run their compositions through vintage synthesizers, or record in old tone studios to create such a tone.

Multi-liter engines of the largest passenger cars in our country fill the district with a noble roar. But in the cabin, especially on the back sofa, the engine is almost inaudible. High-ranking riders are not disturbed by street noise and bad roads. It seems that the cars are equipped with an air cushion and just fly over the road. In terms of smoothness, their archaic spring suspension can easily compete with modern pneumatic ones, and as for survivability, there is nothing to argue about.

Perhaps one of the reasons for our consistently bad roads is that our officials traveled in such ultra-comfortable cars. Big waves, influxes of low-quality asphalt, cracks and potholes - all this is leveled by huge wheels with high-profile rubber and a considerable body weight. The large Chaika base also contributes to the fight for a smooth ride. In ZiL, this role is played by a jelly-like rear sofa. I wonder what is in the back seat of the ZIL-41047, longer and heavier? But there are still armored versions!

That's just cars are very sensitive to ruts. It is worth getting into it with one wheel, it will immediately tighten the entire car. But these are the driver's problems, and he is ready for them. "The Seagull" does not let you relax at all, driving it is not a ride, it's work! Difficult and responsible.

By turning the steering wheel, you can have time to say "one" before the car begins to turn. The long hood dives reluctantly, but still, into the turn, and the stern still resists. Many maneuvers should be done with a "swing" and without too much fuss. You also need to get used to the width of the cars, otherwise the right wheels constantly iron the curb.

A short ZIL against the background of the "Seagull" is really a driver's car - Leonid Ilyich was right. And the landing is much more comfortable, and the steering response is much faster. What can I say, the base is shorter, the design is more modern.

The more high-torque engine of the 41 picks up a heavy car more cheerfully and accelerates it smoothly. "Seagull" is lighter, but it lags behind, the engine is much weaker. The feeling of speed is smeared with royal noise isolation and smoothness. So you need to look at the speedometer more often and not get carried away too much. Despite the sophisticated braking systems with one vacuum booster and two hydraulic vacuum circuits, as well as redundant brake circuits, it will not be possible to quickly bring down large-ton cars.

Despite its heterogeneity and "man-made", ZiL nevertheless made a great impression. Giant motor, unusual proportions, brutal appearance. Although, perhaps this is just the strength of the brand.

"Seagull" - smart, beautiful, almost everything is with her. But it's better to love her from the back seat.

Instead of an epilogue

“In the near future, the first persons of the country may switch to ZIL cars”, “The Ministry of Industry and Trade wants to revive Chaika and Moskvich”, “Italian Pininfarina S.p.A plans to implement a project to create a new executive car together with AMO ZiL”. Such headlines periodically appear in the media. Sometimes these articles are even accompanied by photos of the new model. ZIL-4112 is called.

Personally, these statements do not cause stormy delight in me. And it’s not at all because I don’t give a damn that the Russian president drives german car. And not because it is a pity for the taxpayers' money, which, perhaps, will go to the revival of the representative ZiL. One way or another, this money will be “mastered” and taxpayers will not be asked.

I just don't want to participate in another political scam. Why a scammer? Firstly, because these sketches and layouts did not appear yesterday, but at best in the early 2000s, and some even during the perestroika period, just now they have been revealed to the world again. So, today there are no developments.

Secondly, there is information that the Likhachev plant is no longer on the master plan of the city of Moscow in 2020. What to revive? If everything is already decided. There is an opinion that in this situation it is better to resurrect Russo-Balt. Vasily Aksenov also considered this option in his work “The Island of Crimea”, but it was a fantasy novel.

And finally, thirdly. When I studied the history of The Seagull, I was stunned by the ending of this story. In 1988, as part of the “fight against privileges”, the car was taken out of production on the personal instructions of M. S. Gorbachev, who had previously “successfully” fought drunkenness, cutting down elite vineyards. So the "Seagull" was not just taken out of production, but destroyed all the technological equipment, working documentation, assembly lines, body stamps and so on.

The last unassembled car, which was on the slipway, was also destroyed. Moreover, a large-scale souvenir GAZ-14 model produced by the Gorky Automobile Plant as part of the same fight against privileges was also destroyed, all molds, all data.

Of course, the officials who carried out Gorbachev’s criminal order and the officials who announced the possible restoration of the Chaika (after this issue was already considered in 1996 and the answer was given: “Impossible”) are different people, but they have something general.

Variety of forms

"Gull"

It is believed that the fourteenth "Seagull" with a phaeton body was released at the request of the military, who needed cars for parades. This explains such a small batch: one experimental vehicle and 14 "general's", two for each military district. All cars were painted with light gray enamel, like a general's overcoat.

A car big class, was produced by the GAZ automobile plant from 1977 to 1989. Body - closed, frame, four-door, with three rows of seats, sedan type. The front seats are separate, adjustable, the rear is common with the middle armrest retracted into the back, the two middle seats are folding. Interior heating - three heaters included in the engine cooling system. Ventilation - forced-air and exhaust due to lowering and turning side windows. The rear glass of the passenger compartment is electrically heated. Air conditioning is installed on some cars

NODES AND UNITS

Engine:

Transmission:

Suspension:

Wheels and tires:

steering control:

Brakes:

Electrical equipment:

Mass of units (in kg):

SPECIFICATIONS

Car GAZ 14 was created to serve government agencies, diplomatic and trade missions in our country and abroad, special cars. The design of such machines meets the latest achievements of engineering, providing a high level of comfort and safety. Automobile " Gull” Gorky Automobile Plant rightfully belongs to this category. By the mid-60s, the design was outdated, and the plant began work on creating a new model - GAZ-14. The main design objectives were: a complete renewal of the appearance of the car, taking into account development trends, increasing comfort, improving dynamic performance, increasing safety, reliability, durability and reducing the complexity of maintenance. At the same time, a number of components and parts of the new model were supposed to be unified with those in production.

The basis of the architectural solution of the body of the “fourteenth” model was based on lightness and swiftness, combined with strict, clear lines and representativeness inherent in cars of this class. To give the "Seagull" a modern appearance, along with lowering the roof and wheel line, the slope of the windshield was increased, flatter outer panels were used, bent side windows. The designers were faced with the task of creating a harmonious appearance, not subject to the influences of fashion, given the high cost of tooling in production and the small volume of production of the car.
The general layout of the car, made according to the classical scheme, the GAZ-14 engine was located in front, rear-wheel drive, as well as a removable body mounted on an X-shaped spinal frame, indicate a relationship with the old model. However, to increase the space between the rear seat and the bulkhead behind the driver's seat, the base has been extended by 200mm to 3450mm. Compared to the GAZ-13, the height is reduced by 95 mm and is 1525 mm. Accordingly, the center of gravity decreased, the aerodynamic resistance decreased, and the stability of movement at high speeds increased. On the photo GAZ-14.

photo GAZ-14 Seagull

Front separate bucket seats for driver and passenger are adjustable in horizontal, height and angle of inclination. The back seat has a soft armrest. The vehicle is equipped with a highly efficient heating system with two heaters. It should also be noted low levels external and internal noise, not exceeding 73 dB with uniform movement. This is achieved through the use of a tuned intake system in engine, exhaust systems with mufflers and resonators that reduce the noise of the engine, as well as rubber gaskets in the corners of the chassis and body and the use of modern soundproofing materials. The improved soft suspension, retained from the previous model in its scheme, provides a smooth ride on roads with various surfaces. By changing the valve timing, gas pipelines, improving carburation and other measures, the maximum power rose from 195 to 220 liters. with. To reduce the noise of the gas distribution system, as well as to increase the stability of the engine, the pushers are made hydraulic. The crankshaft was equipped with a torsional vibration damper. At the same time, fuel efficiency has not deteriorated and is at the same level as before, but the cruising range has increased from 460 to 530 km due to an increase in the capacity of gas tanks by 20 liters. The car is also equipped with a new planetary hydromechanical gearbox, which has three gears for moving forward and one reverse. Gearbox - with hydraulic control system.

Among the completely new systems, first of all, we note front disc brakes with ventilated discs. Each front wheel brake is equipped with two brake calipers; rear brakes are drum. To increase reliability, the hydraulic brake drive has two independent circuits, each of which acts on the brakes of both front wheels and one rear. The amplification system consists of a central vacuum amplifier acting on a double master cylinder and two hydraulic vacuum amplifiers - one in each circuit. The installation of a power steering also serves to increase safety; locking doors from the driver's seat; stiffening belts in the door panels, which increase the strength of the door in case of side impacts; three-point seat belts; headlamp cleaners; for the first time used along with the front rear fog lights, etc. A lot of additional units, however, do not complicate the maintenance of the car.

Assembly of cars GAZ-14 "Seagull".

photo GAZ-14 Seagull

The assembly of Chaika cars was carried out almost by hand at the PAMS Gorky plant, specially created for this purpose. The seagull was developed in 1957 to replace the obsolete M-12 ZIM by that time. A large creative team of designers, engineers, testers of the plant worked on the creation of the "Seagull": V.S. Solovyov, N. A. Yushmanov, G. A. Ponomarev, V. V. Gnetnev, P. E. Syrkin, O. I. Pelyushenko, M. Mokeev, B. Grekov (and also L. D. Kalmanson, B. S. Pospelov, B.B. Lebedev, L. E. Duarte). The car engine has a volume of 5.5 liters and a power of 195 hp. was an overhead valve double-row and had a V-shaped arrangement of cylinders. Even a fully loaded car easily accelerated to 160 km / h and consumed only 21 liters of fuel per hundred kilometers.

GAZ-14 engine

Engine for the new car they took it from the predecessor GAZ-13, but it was radically modernized. By changing the valve timing, replacing the intake manifold and other measures, it was possible to increase power from 195 to 220 hp. This significantly improved the dynamic performance of the GAZ-14 "Chaika", increased the speed and acceleration of the car.

photo engine GAZ-14 Seagull

Despite the fact that in 1977 GAZ began production of the second generation Chaika GAZ-14, the production of GAZ-13 continued until 1981. Body parts there were stamps, and the elements of the Chaika GAZ 14 were interchangeable, body assembly required a lot of manual labor and great accuracy. So in the process of fitting body elements and chrome parts, the body was assembled and disassembled several times. After the body was finally assembled, not a traditional putty was applied to it, but a layer of tin to level the surfaces and remove gaps, and that was all by hand. The car was painted at the factory with a special nitro paint of radical black color. After applying each layer, the car was carefully polished. There could be up to fifteen layers in total.
Most Seagulls GAZ-14 had four doors and three rows of seats. The front seats were fenced off by a massive partition. On some machines, by special order, glass with an electric lifting mechanism was installed on this partition. Some of these cars, owned by eminent owners, were subjected to covert armor.

photo controls GAZ-14 Seagull

photo salon GAZ-14 Seagull

The interior of the car was luxuriously equipped by Soviet standards. Power windows, door locks, inertial seat belts, cigarette lighters, ashtrays, heated side door and rear windows - all this was new to a Soviet citizen. The Soviet car was also equipped with a high-end stereo receiver from Radiotekhnika and a Vilma cassette attachment. For the upholstery of the seats, ultra-thin Italian leather of a special dressing was used. There were two options for upholstery: beige and dark green.

Technical features of the GAZ-14 "Seagull".

photo GAZ-14 Seagull

From a technical point of view, the car, in fact, was a deeply modernized version of its predecessor, the GAZ-13. At the same time, the new model was significantly larger. Compared to the GAZ-13, the height of the car was reduced by 95 mm. Accordingly, the center of gravity decreased, the aerodynamic resistance decreased, and the stability of movement at high speeds increased. The frame remained X-shaped, like the previous model. The engine remained basically the same as on the GAZ-13, but due to a change in the valve timing, new intake and exhaust manifolds, the introduction of a power system with two carburetors and other measures, the maximum power rose from 195 to 220 hp, which significantly improved the dynamics - the acceleration time to 100 km / h decreased by a quarter, the maximum speed increased. The automatic transmission as a whole is inherited from the predecessor model, but the gear ratios of its planetary part have been changed, and the most noticeable difference was the location of the automatic mode selector. gearboxes- if on the GAZ-13 it was push-button and located on the left on the instrument panel, then on the GAZ-14 a more modern floor-mounted one was introduced in the form of a lever.
The front suspension retained only the general scheme and was completely redesigned - instead of pivots and threaded bushings, ball joints and rubber mounts. The rear spring dependent suspension was also improved. The brakes were also modernized and fully met the requirements of those years. Massive ventilated disc mechanisms appeared ahead. GAZ 14 used disc brakes with internal ventilation and two stages of reinforcement from the English company Girling.
The car was very abundantly equipped with various devices that increase comfort for the driver and passengers. They had at their disposal a very sophisticated ventilation and heating system with two separate heaters, an electromechanical drive for air intake dampers and a built-in air conditioner, which provided an individual microclimate in the front and back seat. central locking, four ashtrays. Curved athermal side windows with a light blue-green tint did not let ultraviolet radiation into the cabin. The rear window and some side windows were electrically heated. There was also a jet-type headlight cleaner.

Modifications of the GAZ-14 "Seagull".

photo GAZ-14-05 Seagull parade phaeton.

Modification GAZ-14-05 - parade chaise was produced from 1982 to 1988, in total 15 copies were produced, the very first one is stored in the museum of GAZ OJSC. The phaeton had a locally reinforced body support system. Instead of a full-fledged convertible mechanism for lifting side windows and an awning removed by an electro-hydraulic drive, characteristic of the GAZ-13B, it had glass only on the front doors and a simple awning installed manually above the front seat. It served for preventive running-in of the car during storage. As additional equipment, it had a microphone stand for a public address system and flagpoles.

GAZ-RAF-3920. Sanitary a car based on the GAZ-14 began to be manufactured at the RAF-e, after the cessation of production of the "Seagull" GAZ-13. It is noteworthy that the new car received an index already according to the new standard - RAF-3920. Only five copies of these cars were made, while one of them, painted white, was sent to Cuba for the Government of Fidel Castro.

photo of RAF-3920 Sanitary Gull

GAZ-14-07. By the end of the 1980s. it became obvious that soviet cars of a high class are clearly inferior to foreign counterparts, not only in an aesthetic sense, but also technically. It was with this motivation that the work of ZAMS on the new "Seagull" began. Model received the factory index GAZ-14-07. A small update was carried out, the car received a radiator grille imitated under the GAZ-3102, and new plastic glasses for the headlight unit. The rest of the appearance of the limousine has not changed.

Once super popular in the narrow circles of the party-state nomenclature, the executive car GAZ-13 "Chaika" began to lose its attractiveness already in the 1960s. A pretentious car with a late 1940s design, replete with aircraft fins, chrome moldings and frilly grilles, began to seem like yesterday's fast-moving automotive fashion. GAZ designers tried to modify the appearance of the Chaika (for example, a photograph of a GAZ-13 modification with four headlights, a fine-mesh radiator grille and a flatter bumper is known), but the initiative of the factory designers was not supported by the “tops”.

Work on the creation of a new, third executive car of a large class began at GAZ only in 1967. The main tasks of the design were a complete renewal of the appearance of the car, taking into account global trends in the development of auto design, increasing comfort, improving dynamic performance, increasing safety, reliability and durability, as well as reducing the labor intensity of maintenance. However, in fact, the GAZ-14 turned out to be just a radically modernized version of the previous executive car GAZ-13 "Seagull".

In 1968, a full-size model of the new GAZ-14 was ready, made by designers in accordance with the trends in world automotive fashion for executive cars of that time. In less than a year, the project was approved by the mock-up commission, which became a permit for the manufacture of prototype cars.

The first prototypes were created on the basis of the GAZ-13, but it was not easy to “hide” a frame with a high-mounted engine in a car with a low silhouette, so undercarriage The car had to be redesigned.

The design of the running prototype of the second series was worked out by designer Stanislav Volkov, a graduate of the V.I. Mukhina. A prototype according to his project was created in 1971. The car received a frame with a wheelbase increased by 200 mm, as well as an engine with a reduced height. The first sample was followed by several more prototypes with different appearance options.

In 1975, pre-production cars were sent for a test run along the roads of the Caucasus and Crimea, and a year later, state tests took place on the same routes, which resulted in the recommendation of the car for mass production.

The first industrial batch of GAZ-14 was produced in 1977.

Some connoisseurs of auto vintage claim that one of them, painted in cherry color, was assembled ahead of schedule, for the birthday of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L.I. Brezhnev.

The layout of the car is made according to the classic frame scheme with a front engine and rear-wheel drive. The frame is almost the same as on the GAZ-13 - spinal, X-shaped. The wheelbase, compared to the previous "Seagull", was increased to 3450 mm, which allowed passengers to comfortably use the strap-on seats in the middle row. The height of the new car was reduced to 1525 mm, which led to a decrease in its center of gravity, a decrease in drag and an increase in the stability of the car at high speeds.

The eight-cylinder V-shaped engine differed slightly from what was installed on the GAZ-13 (I will add that similar engines were also on trucks and self-propelled guns produced by GAZ), however, the change in valve timing, the installation of new intake and exhaust manifolds, as well as two carburetors instead of one, it allowed to increase the engine power from 195 to 220 hp. As a result, the throttle response of the Chaika improved somewhat, and its maximum speed increased to 175 km/h. It is also claimed that in order to reduce the height of the engine, the camber of the cylinder block was slightly increased.

The crankshaft was equipped with a torsional vibration damper, which reduced the level of vibrations, and the valve lifters were made hydraulic. The ignition system of the car became electronic, which increased the reliability and stability of the engine at high speeds.

It is worth recalling that on the GAZ-13 the driver's and front passenger's seats were a single sofa, but on the GAZ-14 they were already separate bucket-shaped seats, the position of which could be adjusted horizontally, height and angle of inclination. True, on the “seagulls” with a partition between the front and rear of the cabin, the adjustment of the position of the seat was minimal - more often it was necessary to select the driver for the size of the driver’s workplace.

The GAZ-14 automatic transmission was somewhat different from the automatic transmission of the previous Chaika - it had different gear ratios in the stages of the planetary gearbox, as well as a completely different selector for automatic transmission modes: the previous push-button, located on the instrument panel, was replaced by a floor lever, almost the same , How on modern machines with automatic boxes. Accordingly, the automatic transmission had three gears for moving forward and one for reversing. The gears were engaged using two multi-plate clutches, two band brakes and a freewheel.

The front suspension of the car is independent, pivotless, spring, on transverse levers, with double-acting hydraulic shock absorbers and with a stabilizer roll stability. In general terms, the suspension remained almost the same as on the GAZ-13, but a number of its components were thoroughly modernized. In particular, the pivots and threaded bushings were replaced by ball bearings and silent blocks (rubber-metal joints).

The basis of the rear suspension is two longitudinal leaf asymmetrical springs. A pair was used to dampen the vibrations. telescopic shock absorbers bilateral action. The springs and the rear axle of the car were connected by stepladders through rubber cushions that isolate the interior from noise and vibrations.

GAZ-14 was equipped with service and parking brakes. The first, with a hydraulic drive, were installed on all wheels of the car, while the parking brakes with the help of a mechanical drive locked only the rear wheels.

The brakes of the front wheels were disc, ventilated, the rear - classic drum. The brake hydraulic drive was dual-circuit, and each of the circuits was involved in two front and one rear wheel. In addition, each circuit was equipped with its own hydraulic vacuum booster, and the entire braking system as a whole was equipped with a central vacuum booster.

1 - branch pipes of the ventilation and heating system; 2 - switch headlights and direction indicators; 3- steering wheel, 4 – dashboard; 5 - automatic transmission control lever; 6 - levers for adjusting heating and ventilation; 7 - fuses; 8 - glove box; 9 - ashtray and cigarette lighter; 10 - switches; 11 - accelerator pedal; 12 - battery mass switch; 13 - ignition lock and anti-theft device; 14-brake pedal; 15-handle for the drive of the hood locks; 16-radiator shutter control handle; 17 - switch for the windshield washer fluid supply pump; 18 – a pedal of inclusion of a parking brake; 19 - the handle for disabling the parking brake

1 - a combination of control devices; 2 - the head of the translation of the clock hands; 3 - clock; 4 - speedometer; 5 - button to reset the daily run; 6 - front heater fan switch; 7 - rear heater fan switch; 8 – the switch of parking lanterns; 9 - radio receiver; 10 - air conditioner regulator; 11 - air conditioner fan switch; 12 - alarm switch; 13 - wiper switch; fourteen - control lamp rear window heating systems; 15 - control button air dampers carburetor; 16 - control lamp of the included high beam; 17 - control lamp for the operation of the speed indicator; 18 - rear window heating switch; 19 – the switch of antifog headlights; 20 - central light switch; 21 - headlight cleaner switch

1 – control lamp of a condition of the accumulator; 2 – a control lamp of a reserve rest of fuel in a tank; 3 - indicator of the amount of fuel in the tank; 4 – a control lamp of malfunction of service brakes; 5 - control lamp of emergency oil pressure in the engine lubrication system; 6 - oil pressure indicator in the engine lubrication system; 7 - control lamp-understudy; 8 - coolant temperature gauge; 9 – a control lamp of an overheat of a cooling liquid; 10 – a control lamp of the included parking brake; 11 - ammeter

Unlike the GAZ-13, where the parking brake blocked the gearbox output shaft, on the GAZ-14 it braked the rear wheels with a small pedal under the driver's left foot.

The steering of the car consisted of a gearbox, rods and hydraulic booster. The presence of the latter significantly reduced the effort on the steering wheel and significantly increased traffic safety, as well as driving comfort. passenger car with a gross weight of more than three tons.

The steering gear, which included a globoidal worm and a double-ridge roller, had an average gear ratio of 18.2.

The power steering consisted of a vane pump, a distributor and a power cylinder, while the pump was mounted on the engine and driven by a two-ribbed V-belt transmission from a pulley on the engine crankshaft.

1 - spring; 2 - lower suspension arm; 3 – compression stroke buffer; 4 - nut; 5 - lower ball joint; 6 - adjusting nut for tightening the wheel hub bearings; 7 - wheel cap; 8 - hub cap; 9 – brake cylinder; 10 – a nave with a brake disk; 11 - rack; 12 - upper ball joint; 13 – a bolt of the top levers; 14 - recoil stroke buffer; 15 – upper levers; 16 - shims; 17 - the axis of the upper levers

1 - frame spar; 2 - rear axle; 3 - wheel; 4 – a forward arm of a spring; 5 – compression stroke buffer; 6 - upper levers; 7 - spring; 8 - earring

Steering GAZ-14:

1 – oil pump; 2 – additional tank of the pump; 3 - main tank; 4 - steering gear; 5 - coupling; 6 – steering column; 7 - steering wheel; 8 - right Tie Rod; 9 - pendulum lever; 10 – average steering draft; 11 - hydraulic booster cylinder; 12 - bracket; 13 - spool mechanism; 14 – left tie rod; 15 - swivel lever rack

Unlike its predecessor, the GAZ-14 was equipped with many devices that increase comfort and safety. So, the car was equipped with an extensive heating and ventilation system with three (!) Heaters, built-in air conditioning, remote electric air intake dampers, electric windows, as well as a Radiotekhnika stereo audio system with a Wilma cassette attachment and a remote control in the left armrest of the rear sofa.

To the means passive safety included power belts in the doors, soft upholstery of the interior, rear fog lights, as well as three-point seat belts that were rare at that time. In addition, headlight cleaners, a door lock system from the driver's seat should be mentioned. The rear-view mirror on the "Seagull" was only inside the cabin, but there was little use for it, since most of the "gulls" had curtains on the rear and rear side windows. An external driver's mirror was installed on the car only in the mid-1980s.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the car, launched in a series in 1977, looked quite modern, corresponding to the stylistic trends of world auto design. The installation of the GAZ-14 was carried out by PAMS (production of small series cars), a division of the Gorky Automobile Plant.

The assembly of cars was carried out on stocks, manually, by a team method, with a capacity of about a hundred GAZ-14s per year. Those; The assembly process was very difficult, for example, in its process, the installers had to assemble and disassemble each car several times. The cars were painted with fifteen layers of black nitro enamel with intermediate polishing of the layers, after which they passed acceptance tests on various tracks hundreds of kilometers long.

The production of the executive car GAZ-14 "Chaika" continued until 1988, in less than 11 years, 1120 such cars of several modifications were produced.

The end of the release of the last "The Seagull" turned out to be very sad. In 1988, a serious “fight against privileges” flared up in the country, in which the car was taken out of production, and the last half-assembled car was sent to scrap. Moreover, almost for the first time in the history of GAZ, the working documentation for the car, technological equipment, assembly slips and body dies were simultaneously destroyed. A few years ago, the Technical Council of GAZ OJSC discussed the idea of ​​​​resuming production of the GAZ-14 - the appearance of a representative car could correspond to modern automotive fashion for many more years. However, without the destroyed documents and equipment, the reconstruction of the "Seagull" would have cost such a pretty penny that the profitability of its release was out of the question.

Technical characteristics of the car GAZ-14 "Seagull"

Length, mm……………………………………….6114
Width, mm……………………………………2020
Height, mm……………………………………..1525
Base, mm………………………………………….3450
Track, mm……………………………………….1580
Ground clearance, mm……………………..180
Curb weight, kg……………………2605
Gross weight, kg……………………………..3165
Fuel tank capacity, l………………100
Engine displacement, l……………..5.53
Power, hp…………………………………..220
Front brakes…………………….disc
Rear brakes…………………… drum
Front suspension…………….independent, spring
Rear suspension…………………….dependent, spring
Maximum speed, km/h……………175
Acceleration time to 100 km/h, s……………….15
Fuel consumption, l/100 km…………..17.5 – 29