From Copernicus to the present day. Exploring the Universe: from Copernicus to the present day Gagarin’s call sign was “Cedar”. Because of

1. Formulate and write down a definition. The Universe is outer space and everything that fills it: cosmic, or celestial, bodies, gas, dust. 2. Complete the captions for the pictures. The Universe in the view of the ancient Indians The Universe in the view of the ancient Egyptians The Universe in the view of the ancient Babylonians 3. Complete the sentence. The great mathematician Pythagoras was the first to suggest that the Earth has the shape of a ball 4. This ancient Greek scientist outlined his views on the structure of the world in 13 volumes of the work “The Great Mathematical Construction of Astronomy”. A) Giordano Bruno B) Galileo Galilei C) Aristotle D) Ptolemy 5. Which scientist owns this model of the Universe? A) Aristotle B) Pythagoras C) Ptolemy D) Samos? 6. An ancient Greek scientist who believed that the center of the Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. A) Pythagoras B) Galileo Galilei C) Copernicus D) Samos 0 errors – “5” 1-2 errors – “4” 3 errors – “3” 10/02/2013 Lesson topic: From Copernicus to the present day Homework 1. Pages 29-33 2. Test your knowledge 3. Think! The first expedition around the world by F. Magellan 1519-1522. This first circumnavigation in history proved the correctness of the hypothesis about the sphericity of the Earth and the inseparability of the oceans washing the land. (1480 - 1521) Aristotle Ptolemy J. Bruno Galileo Galilei Nicolaus Copernicus Questions group 1. How does the system of the world created by Copernicus differ from the system of the world according to Ptolemy? 2nd group. What are the merits of G. Bruno in the development of views about the Universe? Group 3 What contribution did Galileo make to the study of the structure of the Universe? Group 4 What model of the Universe does modern science offer? The world system of Nicolaus Copernicus 1. At the center of the world is the Sun (in Greek - helios), and not the Earth; 2. The spherical Earth rotates around its axis; 3. The Earth, like all other planets, revolves around the Sun; Giordano Bruno 1. The Universe is infinite; 2. The Sun is the center of the Solar System; 3. The Sun is one of many stars around which planets revolve. Galileo Galilei 1. In 1609, constructs the first telescope and points it into the sky; 2. Managed to identify irregularities and craters located on the surface of the Moon; 3. Discovered 4 satellites of Jupiter. Telescope Modern science 1. Our Earth is part of the solar system. 2. The solar system is part of the Galaxy (a giant cluster of stars). 3. Our and other galaxies, in turn, form clusters of galaxies, and they form superclusters. Are the statements true? 1. For many centuries, the science of the Universe was dominated by the teachings of Ptolemy. 2. According to Copernicus, the stars are motionless and form spheres that limit the Universe. 3. Nicolaus Copernicus was a supporter of the Ptolemaic system. 4. The Italian scientist G. Bruno considered the Sun to be one of the stars around which the planets revolve. 5. Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to propose that the Earth revolves around the Sun. 6. J. Bruno was the first to use a telescope to study celestial bodies. 7. G. Galileo discovered the satellites of Jupiter. 8. J. Bruno and G. Galileo developed the teachings of N. Copernicus.

Geography lesson notes

on topic:"From Copernicus to the present day"

Objective of the lesson: To acquaint students with the development of ideas of various scientists about the Universe.

Learning outcomes:

Subject: the student will learn to describe the ancient people’s idea of ​​the Universe, to isolate the main thing from the text.

Personal: motivating students for learning activities.

Metasubject: the student learns to work with various sources of information.

Lesson type:combined

Methods and techniques:

Conversation, frontal questioning, completing tasks at the board, story, working with a textbook.

Personalities: Nicolaus Copernicus, Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galile th

Literature:

Geography, 5th grade, Beginning course, Barinova I.I., Pleshakov A.A., Sonin N.I., 2014.

Lesson progress:

Stage 1. Organizational.

Greeting students. Checking those present in the class.

Stage 2: Checking homework.

1. Remember which ancient peoples represented the Universe as follows:

The earth stands on three elephants, which stand on a turtle, and the turtle stands on a snake (India).

The earth is a closed dome (Mesopotamia).

Everything on Earth, the earth, the sky, and the Sun are gods (Egypt).

The earth stands on 12 pillars (Babylon).

2. Remember which scientist believed that

A) The earth is round (Aristotle and Ptolemy)

B) The planets are motionless and attached to spheres (Aristotle)

C) Planets rotate around their own axis (Ptolemy)

D) The Earth is the center of the Universe (Aristotle and Ptolemy)

3. Which scientist proposed this model of the Universe? (Ptolemy)

What is here at the center of the Universe? (Earth)

How do the Earth and other planets move here? (around its axis)

Stage 3. Studying new material.

Look at the images. Remember what discoveries these people made. Who haven't we covered?

Afanasy Nikitin

Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Aristotle

Nicolaus Copernicus

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus and other scientists about the Universe. Lesson topic: "From Nicolaus Copernicus to the present day".

Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the center of the Universe is the Sun around which all the planets revolve. Planets also move around their axis. The stars are motionless and limit the Universe.

How do you think Nicolaus Copernicus explained the movement of stars if he believed that they were motionless? (Rotation of planets around their axis)

What are the similarities and differences between the Copernican and Ptolemaic systems? (Planets rotate in orbits and around their own axis; Ptolemy had the Earth at the center of the Universe)

Can we say that Nicolaus Copernicus described the Universe? (No, he described the solar system)

Open and read the textbook about Giordano Bruno. Can we say that Giordano Bruno's guesses were correct? Which guesses do you think are correct?

Italian scientist Giordano Bruno

The universe is infinite and has no center; (right)

The Sun is the center of the Solar System; (right)

The sun is one of many stars; (right)

Perhaps there is life in other star systems as well (not proven)

Italian scientist Galileo Galilei

For the first time I used a telescope to observe celestial bodies;

I saw irregularities on the Moon and dark spots on the Sun;

Discovered the moons of Jupiter.

Match the discovery with the conclusion that can be drawn from that discovery.

Answer: A-2, B-3, C-1

Modern idea of ​​the Universe:

Earth is a planet in the solar system.

The solar system is part of the galaxy (Milky Way)

Our galaxy and other galaxies form supergalaxies.

All supergalaxies are part of the Universe.

Stage 4. Consolidation of the studied material.

Which statements are true? and which ones are not?

Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the Earth was at the center of the Universe ( wrong)

Giordano Bruno believed that the Universe is infinite ( right)

Galileo Galilei discovered the moons of Mercury ( wrong)

The solar system and the Universe are one and the same ( wrong)

A galaxy is a collection of stars ( right)

Stage 5. Summing up the lesson. Homework.

Today in the lesson we got acquainted with the idea of ​​the Universe of such scientists as N. Copernicus, G. Bruno, G. Galileo, as well as with modern ideas about the Universe.

Homework: Page 29-32 (oral retelling), Task No. 4 (oral)

For many centuries, the science of the Universe was dominated by the teachings of Ptolemy. It was accepted and supported by the church and seemed true and irrefutable. But time passed, cities grew, crafts and trade developed, Europeans learned about new countries and peoples. Discoveries of sailors of Portugal and Spain in the XIV-XVI centuries. changed the geographical map. People realized how huge the world in which they live is, and F. Magellan's trip around the world finally proved the sphericity of our planet.

The person who managed to create a new model of the Universe was the great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). Observations of stars and planets, study of the works of ancient thinkers and his contemporaries, complex mathematical calculations allowed him to conclude that the Earth revolves around the Sun. The center of the world, according to Copernicus, is the Sun, around which all the planets move, rotating simultaneously around their axes. The stars, according to Copernicus, are motionless and located at enormous distances from the Earth and the Sun. Their rotation around the Earth is apparent, and it is due to the fact that our planet itself rotates around its axis, making one revolution in 24 hours. The stars form a sphere that limits the Universe.

System of the world according to Copernicus

The teachings of Copernicus immediately found supporters among scientists of the 16th century. They spread the ideas of the great astronomer in their countries, expanded and deepened them. Thus, the Italian scientist Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) believed that the Universe is infinite, it does not and cannot have a single center. The sun is the center of the solar system. But it itself is one of many stars around which planets revolve. Perhaps, J. Bruno believed, they also have life. And the Solar system has not yet been fully studied; it is possible that there are still undiscovered planets in it. As it became clear later, many of these guesses by J. Bruno were correct.

Telescope of G. Galileo

Herschel's first large telescope with a mirror 1.2 m in diameter (1789)

Another Italian scientist, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), also did a lot to develop the teachings of Copernicus. In his observations of celestial bodies, he for the first time used a telescope, which he made himself (it is now difficult to say who was the inventor of this device). Galileo's best telescope gave a magnification of only 30 times. But this was enough to see irregularities on the surface of the Moon and dark spots on the Sun. The sunspots did not remain stationary; they moved across its surface, but always in one direction. The conclusion was that the Sun rotates around its own axis. What amazed contemporaries most of all was Galileo's discovery of the moons of Jupiter. This proved that not only celestial bodies can orbit around the Earth. Introducing his discoveries to his contemporaries, Galileo pointed out the correctness of the teachings of N. Copernicus. This teaching slowly, in a fierce struggle against old prejudices, won more and more new supporters.

Ancient image of the world system according to Copernicus

A lot of time has passed since then. More than one generation of scientists worked to create a modern model of the Universe. New devices and instruments, new research methods, and human flights into outer space were required.

Modern science assumes such a model of the Universe. Our Earth is part of the Solar System, which is part of the Galaxy (a giant cluster of stars). Our and other galaxies, in turn, form clusters of galaxies, and they form superclusters. The world of the Universe is very diverse and contains countless celestial bodies and their systems.

Scientists who changed the world

Nicolaus Copernicus was born in the Polish city of Torun. He lost his parents early and was raised by his uncle. Copernicus received his education in Krakow and then in Italy. He studied not only astronomy, but also law, medicine, and philosophy. He was a comprehensively educated man. Copernicus’s ideas about the structure of the Universe are set out in his book “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres,” which was published in 1543, shortly before the scientist’s death. N. Copernicus spent 30 years of hard work creating his teaching.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Giordano Bruno was born in southern Italy. Having devoted his life to the dissemination and development of the teachings of N. Copernicus, he was forced to leave his homeland and wander around many European countries. He was persecuted by the church, since the teachings of N. Copernicus were prohibited by it. At that time, the church severely punished those whose views contradicted its rules. J. Bruno was captured and, after several painful years in prison, burned in Rome on February 17, 1600. He died, but did not renounce his convictions.

Giordano Bruno

Galileo Galilei was born in the Italian city of Pisa. He received a varied education (he studied medicine, mathematics). Galileo made many scientific discoveries and was widely known. In 1632, he published the book “Dialogue on the Two Most Important Systems of the World,” in which he defended the teachings of N. Copernicus and refuted the Ptolemaic system. For this book, he was brought to trial by the church, at which he, then an old man, was forced to renounce his beliefs.

Galileo Galilei

Drawings of the Moon by Galileo

Galileo's telescope

Measuring instruments of medieval astronomers

Test your knowledge

1. How did the system of the world created by Copernicus differ from the system of the world according to Ptolemy?
2. What are the merits of J. Bruno in the development of views about the Universe?
3. What contribution did Galileo make to the study of the structure of the Universe?
4. What model of the Universe does modern science offer?

Think!

Compare the Copernican system of the world and the modern model of the Universe, find similarities and differences.

The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus created a model of the Universe, according to which the center of the world is the Sun, and the Earth and other planets revolve around it. The views of N. Copernicus were disseminated and developed by G. Bruno and G. Galileo. According to modern concepts, the Earth is part of the Solar System, which is part of a giant cluster of stars - the Galaxy. The universe is made up of a huge number of galaxies.

LESSON. FROM COPERNIUS TO THE PRESENT

LESSON OBJECTIVE: introduce students to the history of the study of the Universe

TASKS:

Introduce students to the history of the study of the Universe;

Teach students to present material

EQUIPMENT: tables

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT

CHECKING YOUR HOMEWORK

Working with workbooks

Frontal survey on the covered topic

What is the Universe?

How did the ancient Indians imagine the Universe?

How does the Universe work according to Aristotle?

Why are the views of Aristarchus of Samos interesting?

How does the Universe work according to Ptolemy?

LEARNING NEW MATERIAL

Teacher's story with presentations by speakers.

For many centuries, the science of the Universe was dominated by the teachings of Ptolemy. It was accepted and supported by the church and seemed true and irrefutable. But time passed, cities grew, crafts and trade developed, Europeans learned about new countries and peoples. Discoveries of sailors of Portugal and Spain in the XIV-XVI centuries. changed the geographical map. People realized how huge the world in which they live is, and F. Magellan's trip around the world finally proved the sphericity of our planet.

The man who managed to create a new model of the Universe was the great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). (report)

Observations of stars and planets, study of the works of ancient thinkers and his contemporaries, complex mathematical calculations allowed him to conclude that the Earth revolves around the Sun. The center of the world, according to Copernicus, is the Sun, around which all the planets move, rotating simultaneously around their axes. The stars, according to Copernicus, are motionless and located at enormous distances from the Earth and the Sun. Their rotation around the Earth is apparent and is due to the fact that our planet itself rotates around its axis, making one revolution in 24 hours. The stars form a sphere that limits the Universe.

The teachings of Copernicus immediately found supporters among scientists of the 16th century. They spread the ideas of the great astronomer in their countries, expanded and deepened them. One of the supporters was the Italian scientist Giordano Bruno (1548-1600). (report)

Bruno believed that the Universe is infinite, it does not and cannot have a single center. The sun is the center of the solar system. But it itself is one of many stars around which planets orbit. Perhaps, J. Bruno believed, they also have life. And the Solar system has not yet been fully studied; it is possible that there are still undiscovered planets in it. As it became clear later, many of these guesses by J. Bruno were correct.

Another Italian scientist, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), also did a lot to develop the teachings of Copernicus. (report)

In his observations of celestial bodies, he for the first time used a telescope, which he made himself (it is now difficult to say who was the inventor of this device). Galileo's best telescope gave a magnification of only 30 times. But this was enough to see irregularities on the surface of the Moon and dark spots on the Sun. The sunspots did not remain stationary; they moved across its surface, but always in one direction. The conclusion was that the Sun rotates around its own axis. What struck his contemporaries most was Galileo's discovery of the satellites of Jupiter. This proved that not only celestial bodies can orbit around the Earth.

Introducing his discoveries to his contemporaries, Galileo pointed out the correctness of the teachings of N. Copernicus. This teaching slowly, in a fierce struggle against old prejudices, won more and more new supporters.

A lot of time has passed since then. More than one generation of scientists worked to create a modern model of the Universe. New devices and instruments, new research methods, and human flights into outer space were required.

Modern science assumes such a model of the universe. Our Earth is part of the Solar System, which is part of the Galaxy (a giant cluster of stars). Our and other galaxies, in turn, form clusters of galaxies, and they form superclusters. The world of the Universe is very diverse and contains countless celestial bodies and their systems.

CONSTRUCTION OF LEARNED MATERIAL

Working with assignments and textbook text

HOMEWORK

textbook points

in printed notebooks, fill out the item “from Copernicus to the present day”