Museum of the Legend of the USSR. Museum of the Legend of the USSR Gear ratios automatic transmission gas 14

The collapse of the Union and the subsequent development of capitalism in the country were especially noticeable in terms of automobiles. “Zhiguli” and “Volga”, a recent source of pride and a symbol of prosperity, almost without a fight gave up their positions to used “Mercedes”, “Lincolns” and other “Toyotas” that poured into the borders of the former USSR. Foreign cars had powerful engines, automatic transmissions, air conditioners and all kinds of electric drives. Our industry could not provide any of this. More precisely, it could, but not for everyone.

The above was found only in government ZILs or regional committee "seagulls". However, you can still feel like you are part of the highest echelon of power of those times today. The asking price is one and a half million rubles. This is exactly what they ask for for a well-preserved 25-year-old GAZ-14: mileage 77,000 km, 220 horsepower engine, automatic, leather, electric windows and air conditioning the size of a motor pump. For this money you can buy a new Audi A6, but then who will look after you?

SEAGULL WING

The latest version of the model was produced until 1988, so it is not completely retro, but a car suitable for everyday travel. Naturally, adjusted for appetite - about 30 liters of gasoline per hundred. First of all, I take a walking lap of honor around the GAZ-14.

Yes, the “Seagull” even today inspires respect with its appearance, even more than the now trivial S-Class. In general, Soviet limousines are put up for sale, as a rule, in two states of preservation: either complete “firewood” or a museum exhibit. But this option is something in between: most likely, it will not be put in a museum, about which a little later, but, fortunately, it is far from trash. Naturally, “The Seagull” was painted; one job cost 70,000 rubles. Only spiders of rust here and there on the body give away its true age.

The glasses of all four headlights bear the mark “Made in Russia” - an indirect sign that the declared mileage is honest. And then, the headlights fit from the VAZ “six”. The car still has authentic rear-view mirrors, which is great, because replacement will cost a pretty penny: the left one costs 3,000 rubles, the right one is in terrible short supply.

After this “Seagull” left the payroll of Automotive Enterprise No. 1 in 1997 by the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, the procurement of spare parts and consumables fell on the shoulders of the second owner of the car. During this time, he changed the thresholds (each for 10,000 rubles) and two rear doors (15,000 apiece). The rest of the body is an A+.

Of course, even today there is no store where you can buy spare parts for the Chaika, but don’t be upset. A short search on the Internet showed that parts for it are by no means in short supply - if only there was money. I was able to find a lot of things from restorers, collectors and collectors of all kinds of artifacts: suspension parts, engine attachments and some bodywork.

The car is shod with almost new imported tires, the plastic of the lights is shiny, and there are no complaints about the appearance. Although I’m lying, there is! The “Seagull” is tinted all around in the manner of a boy’s “Nine”. In the original there were curtains... Now a tour of the salon. It's re-stitched, there's leather all around. Even the massive front panel is covered with it - that’s why such a car won’t be taken to a museum. (The original version looked like this: leather for the driver, velor for passengers.)

On the other hand, the seven-seater interior is excellently finished, no worse than that of American limousines of that time. In any case, sitting on the back sofa is very comfortable. And how the buttons and keys with inscriptions in Russian please the eye! After sitting in the back, I move behind the wheel. The landing is closer to the Zhigulevskaya; for people above average height it is completely uncomfortable here.

Visibility due to the huge steering wheel by today's standards is not so great, but few people were concerned about this then. And there weren’t that many cars on the roads. All kinds of electric drives work, buttons are pressed - in general, everything is up to par. By the way, the ignition lock looks more like a cylinder on a mailbox. But this is true, by the way. Let's move on to the materiel.

220 BUT NOT VOLTS

Of course, strength. The native GAZ-based G8 produced and, I hope, still produces 220 horsepower. Chirk! The Seagull's engine purred contentedly. This hackneyed comparison best conveys the sound of the engine at idle. The crankshaft is equipped with a torsional vibration damper, which, together with hydraulic pushers, significantly reduces the noise of the unit.

By the way, if the pushers fail, prepare 40,000 rubles for the set, 2500 for each. The engine is holding up well, but if you decide to buy such a car, be sure to replace all the gaskets in it, as well as the mounting pads. All together it will cost 10,500 rubles. But that's something else! Let's say oil pump You won’t find an automatic three-speed gearbox for less than 20,000 rubles. The assembled unit, although used, can cost 70,000 or 100,000 rubles - depending on your luck.

But a suspension revision will cost nothing. Let's say a new shock absorber costs 6,000 rubles, a set brake pads- 3500–4000 rubles. Ball joints, of which there are four, will cost approximately the same amount.

Looking closely at the material embodiment of the Soviet automobile past, I could not wait for the main thing - a test drive. Understanding that this car, in some way, is not a means of transportation at all, but an object for investing money, I did not ask to drive - I had enough emotions without that.

Backbone frame, long wheelbase, soft springs in rear suspension- everything set me up for a leisurely and comfortable journey, during which I realized that tinting is still for the good. Even pedestrians gave way!

OUR HELP

The second (last) generation of the Chaika GAZ-14 was produced from 1976 to 1988. The car was intended exclusively for official use and was never available for public sale. Engine with a volume of 5.5 liters and a power of 220 hp. accelerated the car to 100 km/h in 15 seconds, maximum speed was 175 km/h.

On the Chaika GAZ-14, there are disc brakes on the front wheels, a jet headlight cleaner, and bent athermal brakes. side windows, pinless front suspension and air conditioning. It is noteworthy that it was installed in the trunk and cooled only the VIP salon.

The convertible modification, GAZ-14-05, was created by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense for military parades in the districts. 15 of these machines were built.

With a newer model, specialists from the GAZ automobile plant began creating a new “Chaika” under the symbol GAZ-14.

Until the mid-70s, the car plant produced several prototypes, which differed in design options. The design of the prototypes gradually approached the design production model. In 1975, pre-production GAZ-14s were tested, during which some shortcomings were identified. The shortcomings of the prototypes were corrected within a year and in 1976 they passed state acceptance tests and were recommended for mass production.

The very first production car was released at the end of 1976 and was handed over to the General Secretary of the CPSU L.I. Brezhnev as a gift for his 70th birthday. It was the only car painted cherry. Relatively mass serial production of GAZ-14 “Chaika” cars started at the beginning of 1977.

GAZ-14 “Chaika” cars were assembled by hand until 1988, but after the law “On Combating Privileges” was passed, its production was prohibited, and all equipment and unfinished copies of the cars were destroyed. All produced models of GAZ-14 cars, of which 1,120 copies were produced, unlike the Brezhnevskaya, were painted exclusively black.

Design and construction

Compared to "The Seagull" previous generation(GAZ-13) The GAZ-14 car has changed significantly. The height of the car has changed, it was reduced by 95 mm, the wheelbase increased by 200 mm, and the length of the car exceeded 6 meters. The smoothness of the ride has increased, thanks to new shock absorbers, aerodynamic drag has decreased, and driving stability at high speeds has increased. The car received new ventilated disc brakes on the front wheels with two calipers per wheel. The method of shifting gears of an automatic transmission has also changed; in the GAZ-13, shifts were made using buttons, and in the GAZ-14 using a floor lever, which received an international mode switching system: P-R-N-D-2-1.

Despite the larger dimensions compared to its predecessor, the car's dynamics have improved thanks to changed valve timing, a new intake and exhaust manifold, a power system with two carburetors and some other changes. Thanks to these changes, the engine power (which, in fact, was the same as that of the GAZ-13) was increased from 195 to 220 horsepower, and the maximum speed increased from 160 to 175 km/h.

Like its predecessor, the GAZ-14 was distinguished by a rich set of equipment. The car was equipped with air conditioning, two heaters and an electromechanical drive for the air intake flaps, this made it possible to maintain individual temperature regime for front and rear passengers. The seats were adjusted horizontally, inclination and height. The windows, like the previous model, were equipped with an electric drive. The GAZ-14 had the most advanced, by those standards, radio system of the highest class of the Riga Radio Plant with a Lithuanian (“Vilma”) or German (“Blaupunkt”) cassette set-top box and a remote control remote control for rear passengers, and some modifications were equipped with an Altai radiotelephone or a Caucasus satellite radio. The GAZ-14 was equipped with heated not only rear window, but also side windows, power steering, headlight cleaner, central locking and powerful sound insulation.

Modifications

GAZ-14-05

A ceremonial car with an open phaeton-type body. Produced between 1982 and 1988, a total of 15 copies were produced. This car, unlike its predecessor GAZ-13B, had side windows only on the front doors; the awning was not pulled using an electro-hydraulic system, but manually and only over the front seat. As additional equipment the car had a microphone stand for the system speakerphone and flagpoles. According to available information, one of the phaetons was presented to Fidel Castro, and the very first GAZ-14-05 car is kept in the GAZ OJSC museum

GAZ-14-07

The car with a limousine-type body, which was not included in mass production, was externally distinguished by a radiator grille imitated under the GAZ-3102, and new plastic glasses for the headlight unit. On this car the first Soviet air conditioning system“Spring”, which was controlled by a push-button control unit with a display that allows you to set various settings for air circulation and temperature in the cabin. Now not only the heater, but also the air conditioner served the entire volume of the cabin. The seats are equipped with electrical adjustments with memory for 2 people, as well as built-in heating. In addition, the electrical package has been replenished with electric drives for adjusting the rear-view mirrors and electric curtains. Driver comfort has been improved by a height-adjustable steering column.

The GAZ-14-07 engine was modified, one more spark plug was added to each cylinder, which entailed an increase in the number of valves to 32. car engine, for the first time in the USSR, two IS-52 injectors were installed. As a result of these modifications, engine power increased from 220 to 485 horsepower, and top speed increased from 175 to 220 km/h. With an increase in maximum speed, dual-circuit braking system added rear disc brakes.

It was not possible to put this car into mass production due to the decree of M. S. Gorbachev to remove the Chaika cars from production.

GAZ-RAF-3920

Sanitary vehicle, built by the RAF plant on the basis of the GAZ-14. Only five of these cars were produced, and one of them, painted white, was sent to Cuba. The rest of the cars were painted black.

Photos

The Soviet limousine, with elements of aerospace style and pompous and pretentious decoration, began to look like a guest from the past - about the same way a decade earlier, against the backdrop of the first Chaika, it was perceived.

And although the ordinary Volga model M-21, produced with might and main at GAZ for officials of a lower rank, looked no more modern than the Chaika, for the party nomenklatura elite it was required new car. Whatever one may say, there was social stratification even then.

By that time, GAZ was also working on the future Volga GAZ-24, so there were no special design options - rounded shapes with smooth lines were to be replaced by flat surfaces with almost right angles, which were coming into fashion. By the way, this style was reflected not only in cars, but also in the design of furniture, household appliances and in the architecture of those years.

The team of GAZ artists and designers who worked on the new model also included those who created the first Chaika GAZ-13. And the sculptor Lev Eremeev, who at one time created the appearances of ZIM and the first Volga, was “appointed” to be responsible for the appearance of the future Chaika-2. A team of talented and experienced specialists knew their job very well and worked on a new project using a specific method that had already become traditional for the Gazo workers.

Working on the first series of prototypes, the designers tried all possible options, including obviously false ones, in the second they began to “get closer” to a more or less serial embodiment of the plan, and in the third, as a rule, they had already completed the main work on the appearance and concept of the car, leaving it for the final fine-tuning only small things like finishing and correcting identified design flaws. For this purpose, appropriate sea trials were carried out in various climatic zones of the Soviet Union.

The technical specifications for the GAZ-14 sounded something like this: it was necessary to create a completely new executive class car in appearance, which would completely replicate the functionality of the first Chaika, while surpassing it in terms of comfort. It is important that in the technical part the designers had practically no freedom - it was assumed that new car for obvious reasons, it will be based on the old platform and the same units. This not only saved money, but also reduced the time spent working on a new model.

The Chaika had to be released simultaneously with the GAZ-24. Otherwise, a strange situation would have turned out - “mere mortals” and officials of lower rank have new model a mid-size sedan, while the “powers that be” have only “an echo of Detroit baroque.”

New blood

The designers wanted to give the silhouette of the new car more speed. To do this, it was necessary to lower the hood line, but already during the work on the early prototypes of the first series it became obvious that the “cargo” landing power unit did not allow it to fit into the “meter gap” - that is, lower the height of the front part to a level of 1 meter. Thus, the designers had to almost immediately make major changes to the power structure.

The concepts of the first series turned out to be overly heavy, and in the second series the wheelbase and track were increased.

The prototypes of the second series differ markedly from the serial Chaika in the design of the front and rear

It must be admitted that the new Chaika already at the mock-up stage in 1968 looked very fresh, although at the same time strictly, seriously and “nomenklatura”. There were no obvious borrowings from the Western automobile industry, although the styling once again brought back memories of overseas dreadnoughts. Looking ahead, we note that after the most powerful energy crisis in the United States american cars were not updated as often as before, so until the end of the eighties, the Chaika looked quite relevant not only against the gray background of domestic Volgas and Zhigulis.

In 1969, the appearance of the prototypes was approved. Next, the factory workers had to painstakingly work on prototypes: laboratory tests of components and assemblies, bench and road tests, including races at the Dmitrov Automotive Test Site... And, finally, a motor rally in real conditions.

In the early seventies, Soviet automobile factories They widely practiced “full-scale testing” of their new developments, since the geography of the USSR made it possible to test in practice the suitability of the car both to the severe northern frosts and to the desert heat. So, ride quality and endurance were traditionally tested on the mountain serpentines of the Crimea and the Caucasus.

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Before state acceptance, the prototypes managed to wrap tens of thousands of kilometers of a wide variety of Soviet highways and highways on their wheels, including outright off-road conditions. Of course, when working on future “member carriers”, which included Chaika, the indicators of comfort and reliability had to be treated with even greater trepidation and attention, because subsequently these machines were destined to carry the “powers” ​​of those who led key industries and areas of activity of a huge countries. This means that the slightest “mistake” on the part of the creators of the “personal game” was fraught with more than just a reprimand or “working through” at a party meeting...

By 1975, about nine prototypes of three series were manufactured, which differed markedly not only in design, but also in design solutions. By this time, work on the GAZ-14 was almost completed, and the pre-production prototypes went on their next run in order to take part in acceptance tests. Chaika passed the exam “excellently” - based on the results of state acceptance, the relevant commission officially recommended this car for mass production.

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The Seagull made a strange impression: its dynamism and a certain “lightness” of appearance did not at all prevent the car from being majestic and monumental. For a luxury car it’s like this ah “floating heaviness”- an exception to the rule.

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Bigger, heavier, more powerful

Conceptually, the three-ton Chaika of the fourteenth model was not far from its predecessor: the body of the semi-supporting structure rested on an X-shaped backbone-type frame. Of course, in other respects, the Chaika remained a typical “classic of the genre” with a powertrain rear wheels and the longitudinal arrangement of the power unit. Front spring independent suspension retained general scheme, but received ball joints and silent blocks instead of conventional king pins and threaded bushings. The rear spring dependent suspension has not undergone radical changes in design, but has become more advanced - more precisely, it has been “adjusted” to the layout features of the new body.

And in other elements, Chaika remained true to itself: a worm-wheel steering mechanism with a hydraulic booster, front disc brakes and conventional drums at the rear. True, taking into account the considerable mass and responsible mission of the future “personal equipment”, the brake discs were made ventilated, and the hydraulic drive received two autonomous independent drives (the so-called duplication concept). At the same time, there were already three amplifiers in the system: the main brake cylinder had its own vacuum booster, and each of the circuits had a separate hydraulic vacuum amplifier.

The status of the New Chaika was entitled not only to a more modern appearance, but also to improved dynamic characteristics. The V-shaped “eight” from the first Chaika had reserves - the boost reserve made it possible to painlessly increase the engine power by several dozen “horses”. By using a different power system with two carburetors and “doing magic” with the gas distribution mechanism and exhaust parts, the engine power was increased to 220 hp. With. - that is, compared to the GAZ-13, the new Chaika became 25 “horses” more powerful, and the torque increased from 412 to 451 Nm. The designers “squeezed all the juice” out of the engine for a reason, because compared to its predecessor, Chaika gained several hundred kilograms in weight!

After modernization, the engine of the Gorky limousine became not only more powerful, but also noticeably quieter, because its design included hydraulic valve tappets and a torsional vibration damper of the crankshaft. The hydromechanical transmission has also undergone some modifications. Due to the use of a “shorter” main pair in rear axle The gear ratios of the three-speed automatic have become longer, and instead of the previous push-button selector, the choice of modes has been assigned to a more traditional six-mode lever-type selector located on the central floor tunnel.

This “update package” had a beneficial effect on the dynamic qualities of the car: as expected, compared to the first Chaika, the acceleration time to hundreds was reduced from 20 to 15 seconds, and the maximum speed increased by 15 kilometers per hour - to 175.

It is clear that the “encouraged” car should not have rushed “headlong” along Soviet roads, because government limousines always and everywhere had a green light and an acceleration lane. However, the increase in power increased the “margin of freedom” under the gas pedal - in other words, at the behest of a high-ranking passenger, the Seagull could quickly pick up the required speed.

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The Chaika was faster than the Volga and Muscovites, not only in absolute numbers on paper. This monumental six-window sedan was ahead of the rare Soviet stream already at the concept level. The superiority of the GAZ-14 over other models was absolute - with the exception, perhaps, of government ZILs.

At the highest level

The nomenklatura limousine was supposed to have a high - no, even the highest level of comfort. When working on the GAZ-14, the designers paid a lot of attention to ease of entry, for which the car was deprived of side floor sills, which were unnecessary given the frame structure of the body. In addition, the reduced overall height also had a beneficial effect on the comfort of high-ranking passengers, who literally walked rather than climbed into the car's interior.

The length of the car exceeded six meters, and the wheelbase compared to the GAZ-13 was increased by 20 cm - up to three and a half meters

Layout of GAZ-14. The spinal frame is clearly visible

Formally, the Chaika remained the same seven-seat sedan as the GAZ-13. However, at the request of customers, it was possible to install a partition in the cabin, turning the car into a limousine with a cabin for the driver and front passenger and a five-seater cabin. In addition, the huge rear sofa was molded for two passengers - no one was going to cramp three of us here. A driver, a navigator, two security guards and one or two VIPs - that’s the entire “set of state apparatus” on board the GAZ-14.

Detailed description deserves a microclimate system. In those days, air conditioning on American-made cars was a completely common option, which ordinary Soviet car owners never even dreamed of. The status of the new Chaika relied on a powerful system for heating and cooling the air in the cabin. To achieve this, the GAZ-13 was equipped with two efficient “stoves” and... a Japanese air conditioner!

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The heaters made it possible to heat up the huge interior in a matter of minutes and maintain it above +25°C even in thirty-degree frost, and in the summer heat, inside the exclusively black sedan, coolness reigned that was life-saving for the inhabitants. In fairness, we note that located in luggage compartment The “air conditioning” mainly worked for the benefit of VIPs in the back seat, while cooled air reached the driver only from the stern, since there were no special air ducts for this.

In order to brighten up the time spent on the road, the Chaika’s package included a Riga-made VEF Radiotehnika multi-band stereo radio created specifically for this model and a Vilma cassette player, which could be controlled by the rear passenger - for this purpose a special remote control was provided in the armrest of the rear sofa. Some cars, at the request of the customer, were equipped with special communications equipment - a radio or satellite phone.

Central locking, a retractable antenna, window lifting mechanisms - all of this on the new car was powered by almost two dozen electric motors. Let's add here front and rear fog lights, as well as jet headlight washers. It is not surprising that a second battery was required to service all this “electrical equipment”.

To ensure the safety of the driver and passengers, the designers even provided inertial seat belts, which real life, of course, no one used it.

Additional comfort to the interior was given by mustard-brown seat upholstery and greenish-blue athermal tinting of the windows, which did not allow ultraviolet light to enter the cabin. But the “striped” veneer finish was reminiscent of the office of a typical “red director”.

Anniversary gift

Despite the fact that the car turned out to be very successful structurally, its fate was not quite right from the start. Firstly, the new Chaika was somewhat delayed on the way: only on the 70th anniversary of “dear Leonid Ilyich” at the end of 1976, the first copy of the GAZ-14 was assembled. Of course, it was originally planned to be presented to the Secretary General as a gift for his anniversary, so the first Chaika was not painted in the traditional black color, but dark cherry.

Already in the next year, 1977, small-scale production of the new Chaika was established in Gorky, and in parallel with it, until 1981, GAZ continued to produce the previous “personalized” GAZ-13. The assembly of the new model was carried out manually in the workshop for the production of small series vehicles (PAMS) on stocks - the process was very slow and painstaking, since each car was “reassembled” several times to achieve the required result.

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At the same time, former passengers of the old Chaika did not always switch to the new model for a simple reason - the GAZ-14 looked so pompous and luxurious that officials of at least ministerial rank were supposed to drive it.

In addition to the usual six-window sedan, as in the case of the GAZ-13, the Chaika was produced with an open body, as well as in the “Kremlin ambulance” version. The convertible with the index 14-05 was designed by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense for military parades. The car was distinguished by its interior equipment and reinforced body.

Car GAZ 14 was created to serve government agencies, diplomatic and trade missions; special passenger cars are used in our country and abroad. The design of such machines meets the latest advances in engineering, providing a high level of comfort and safety. Automobile " Gull“The Gorky Automobile Plant rightfully belongs to this category. By the mid-60s, the design was outdated, and the plant began work on creating a new model - GAZ-14. The main design objectives were: completely updating the appearance of the car, taking into account development trends, increasing comfort, improving dynamic performance, increasing safety, reliability, durability and reducing the labor intensity of maintenance. At the same time, a number of components and parts of the new model were supposed to be unified with those in production.

The architectural design of the body of the “fourteenth” model was based on lightness and swiftness combined with strict, clear lines and the representativeness inherent in cars of this class. To give the Chaika a modern appearance, along with lowering the roof and wheel line, the slope of the windshield was increased, flatter outer panels and curved side windows were used. The designers were faced with the task of creating a harmonious appearance that was not subject to fashion influences, taking into account the high costs of equipment in production and the small volume of car production.
The general layout of the car, made according to the classical scheme, the GAZ-14 engine was located in front, the drive to the rear wheels, as well as the removable body mounted on an X-shaped spinal frame, indicate a relationship with old model. However, to increase the space between the rear seat and the partition behind the backrest of the driver's seat, the base is lengthened by 200 mm and is 3450 mm. Compared to the GAZ-13, the height is reduced by 95 mm and is 1525 mm. Accordingly, the center of gravity has decreased, aerodynamic drag has decreased, and motion stability at high speeds has increased. On photo GAZ-14.

photo GAZ-14 Chaika

The driver and passenger front split bucket seats are adjustable for horizontal position, height and angle. The rear seat has a soft armrest. The vehicle is equipped with a highly efficient heating system that includes two heaters. It should also be noted low levels external and internal noise not exceeding 73 dB with uniform movement. This is achieved through the use of a tuned intake system in engine, exhaust systems with mufflers and resonators that reduce engine noise, as well as rubber gaskets in the corners of the chassis and body and the use of modern soundproofing materials. The improved soft suspension, retained in its design from the previous model, ensures smooth movement on roads with different surfaces. By changing valve timing, gas pipelines, improving carburetion and other measures, the maximum power rose from 195 to 220 hp. With. To reduce the noise of the gas distribution system, as well as increase the stability of the engine, the pushers are made hydraulic. The crankshaft was equipped with a torsional vibration damper. Fuel efficiency has not deteriorated and is at the same level as before, but the range has increased from 460 to 530 km due to an increase in the capacity of gas tanks by 20 liters. The car is also equipped with a new planetary hydromechanical gearbox, which has three gears for moving forward and one in reverse. Gearbox - with hydraulic control system.

Among the completely new systems, we first note front disc brakes with ventilated discs. Every brake mechanism the front wheels are equipped with two brake calipers; rear brakes are drum. To increase reliability, the hydraulic brake drive has two independent circuits, each of which acts on the brakes of both front wheels and one rear wheel. The amplification system consists of a central vacuum amplifier acting on a double master cylinder, and two hydraulic vacuum amplifiers - one in each circuit. The installation of power steering also improves safety; door locking from the driver's seat; stiffening belts in door panels, increasing the strength of the door in the event of side impacts; three-point seat belts; headlight cleaners; For the first time, rear fog lights, etc. were used along with the front ones. Many additional units, however, do not make servicing the car difficult.

Assembly of GAZ-14 "Chaika" cars.

photo GAZ-14 Chaika

The assembly of Chaika cars was carried out almost manually at the PAMS plant specially created for this purpose at the Gorky plant. The Chaika was developed in 1957 to replace the M-12 ZIM vehicle, which was outdated by that time. A large creative team of designers, engineers, and testers from the plant worked on the creation of “Chaika”: V.S. Solovyov, N. A. Yushmanov, G. A. Ponomarev, V. V. Gnetnev, P. E. Syrkin, O. I. Pelyushenko, M. Mokeev, B. Grekov (and also L. D. Kalmanson, B. S. Pospelov, B.B. Lebedev, L. E. Duarte). The car's engine is 5.5 liters and produces 195 hp. It was an overhead valve two-row and had a V-shaped arrangement of cylinders. Even a fully loaded car easily accelerated to 160 km/h and consumed only 21 liters of fuel per hundred kilometers.

Engine GAZ-14

Engine for the new car they took it from its predecessor GAZ-13, but it was radically modernized. By changing the valve timing, replacing the intake manifold and other measures, it was possible to increase power from 195 to 220 hp. This significantly improved the dynamic performance of the GAZ-14 “Chaika”, and the vehicle’s speed and response increased.

photo engine GAZ-14 Chaika

Despite the fact that in 1977 GAZ began production of the second generation Chaika GAZ-14, production of the GAZ-13 continued until 1981. Body parts there were stamps, and the elements of the Chaika GAZ 14 were interchangeable; assembling the body required a lot of manual labor and great care. So, in the process of adjusting body elements and chrome parts, the body was assembled and disassembled several times. After the body was finally assembled, to level the surfaces and remove gaps, not traditional putty was applied to it, but a layer of tin, and all by hand. The car was painted at the factory with a special nitro paint of a radical black color. After each coat was applied, the car was thoroughly polished. There could be up to fifteen layers in total.
Most Seagulls GAZ-14 had four doors and three rows of seats. The front seats were separated by a massive partition. On some cars, by special order, glass with an electric lifting mechanism was installed on this partition. Some of these cars, owned by eminent owners, were subjected to hidden armor.

photo controls GAZ-14 Chaika

photo of the GAZ-14 Chaika interior

The car's interior was luxuriously equipped by Soviet standards. Power windows, door locks, inertia seat belts, cigarette lighters, ashtrays, heated side doors and rear windows- all this was new to the Soviet citizen. The Soviet car was also equipped with a top-class stereo receiver from Radiotekhnika and a Vilma cassette set-top box. Ultra-thin Italian leather of special tanning was used for seat upholstery. There were two upholstery options: beige and dark green.

Technical features of the GAZ-14 “Chaika”.

photo GAZ-14 Chaika

From a technical point of view, the car was, in fact, a deeply modernized version of its predecessor, the GAZ-13. At the same time, the new model was significantly larger. Compared to the GAZ-13, the height of the car was reduced by 95 mm. Accordingly, the center of gravity decreased, aerodynamic drag decreased, and motion stability at high speeds increased. The frame remains X-shaped, like the previous model. The engine remained basically the same as on the GAZ-13, but due to changes in valve timing, new intake and exhaust manifolds, the introduction of a power system with two carburetors and other measures, the maximum power increased from 195 to 220 hp, which significantly improved the dynamics - the acceleration time to 100 km / h decreased by a quarter, the maximum speed increased. The automatic transmission as a whole was inherited from the predecessor model, but the gear ratios of its planetary part were changed, and the most noticeable difference was the location of the automatic mode selector gearboxes- if on the GAZ-13 it was push-button and located on the left of the instrument panel, then on the GAZ-14 a more modern floor-mounted one was introduced in the form of a lever.
The front suspension retained only the general design and was completely redesigned - instead of pins and threaded bushings, ball joints and rubber-metal joints appeared in it. The rear spring dependent suspension was also improved. The brakes were also modernized and fully met the requirements of those years. Massive ventilated disc mechanisms appeared ahead. The GAZ 14 used disc brakes with internal ventilation and two stages of reinforcement from the English company Girling.
The car was very richly equipped with various devices that increased comfort for the driver and passengers. At their service was a very complex ventilation and heating system with two separate heaters, an electromechanical drive for air intake flaps and a built-in air conditioner, which provided an individual microclimate in the front and rear seats. Central locking, four ashtrays. Curved athermal side windows with a light blue-green tint prevented ultraviolet radiation from entering the cabin. Rear window and some side ones had electric heating. There was also a jet type headlight cleaner.

Modifications of GAZ-14 "Chaika".

photo GAZ-14-05 Chaika ceremonial phaeton.

Modification GAZ-14-05 - ceremonial phaeton was produced from 1982 to 1988, a total of 15 copies were produced, the very first is kept in the GAZ OJSC museum. The phaeton had a locally reinforced load-bearing body system. Instead of a full-fledged convertible mechanism for lifting side windows and an awning retractable by electro-hydraulic drive, characteristic of the GAZ-13B, it had glass only on the front doors and a simple awning installed manually over the front seat. It served for preventative running-in of the car during storage. As additional equipment, it had a microphone stand for the public address system and flagpoles.

GAZ-RAF-3920. Sanitary a car based on the GAZ-14 began to be manufactured at the RAF, after the production of the GAZ-13 “Chaika” ceased. It is noteworthy that the new car received an index according to the new standard - RAF-3920. Only five of these cars were made, and one of them, painted white, was sent to Cuba for the Government of Fidel Castro.

photo RAF-3920 Seagull sanitary

GAZ-14-07. By the end of the 1980s. it became obvious that soviet cars high class are clearly inferior to their foreign counterparts, not only in an aesthetic sense, but also technically. It was with this motivation that ZAMS began working on the new “Chaika”. Model received the factory index GAZ-14-07. A small update was carried out, the car received a radiator grille imitated for the GAZ-3102, and new plastic glasses for the headlight unit. Otherwise appearance The limousine has not undergone any changes.

At the turn of the 50-60s, the production of a new car model had barely begun, the designers of all Soviet passenger car factories began to develop the next generation model - the one that in a few years should replace today's new product. When Gorky mastered the production of the GAZ-13 Chaika in 1959, employees of the KEO GAZ Body Bureau took up the project of its modernization. Design artist Lev Eremeev, creator appearance GAZ-21, GAZ-13, ZIL-111 proposed a project for an updated “Chaika” body with four headlights that were fashionable in the 60s. Based on Eremeev’s model, a running prototype of the modernized GAZ-13M Chaika was manufactured in the Experimental Workshop. But soon the government of N.S. Khrushchev took up the dubious “fight against privileges”, and the production of Chaika cars at GAZ was completely stopped.

Soon L.I. came to power. Brezhnev. By the new year of 1965, GAZ received two key orders. Firstly, to resume production of the Chaika, and secondly, to begin developing a completely new premium passenger car, in fact a future competitor to the promising executive ZIL-114 and ZIL-117. However, the main forces of the Department's designers passenger cars GAZ at that time were focused on preparing and finalizing the new Volga GAZ-24. Therefore, the first prototype of the future second-generation Chaika was completed in the most in a simple way. Lev Eremeev proposed a project for a new body installed on a finished GAZ-13 chassis. In 1967, a prototype was already driving under its own power - it partially reflected the features of the future "Chaika" GAZ-14 - for example, the shape of the roof already resembled the one that soon went into production. However, the design and artistic council of the plant considered this project a failure. Due to the connection to the GAZ-13 base, the car turned out to be too narrow, short, and with a high hood. It suggested an increase in the length of the wheelbase, track width, and a decrease in engine height.

Full-scale work on the new Chaika began in 1969, when the plant completed preparatory work on the main modifications of the GAZ-24. We finished Volga and started working on Chaika. The leading designer of the model was Vladimir Nikitich Nosakov, one of the most active participants in the development of the GAZ-24. The design project for the new body was proposed by Stanislav Volkov, and Leopold Kalmanson was in charge of the automatic transmission.

In the final version, the car's base was lengthened by 20 cm and the track was widened by 5 cm, and the layout was changed engine compartment, lowering the hood as much as possible. The engine, with a constant displacement, was equipped with two carburetors and hydraulic valve clearance compensators. Its power increased from 195 to 220 hp. Now automatic transmission gears were not controlled by buttons on dashboard, but a modern selector on the floor. Innovations included the first in the history of GAZ, a pinless front suspension and front disc brakes with two calipers for each wheel. Chassis GAZ-14 was tuned for maximum smoothness and at the same time ensuring traffic safety at high speed. Even the large, soft 15-inch radial tires absorbed road imperfections effectively. During the tests, a film was made - water from a full glass placed on the armrest of a car traveling at high speed did not splash.

The basic design of the power structure has not changed - the GAZ-14, like the GAZ-13, is based on an X-shaped frame with a central spar within the wheelbase and spars diverging from the fork at the front and rear. In the body, behind the front seats below the window line, there is a partition that links the right and left center pillars. The ZIM GAZ-12 had the same one, but the Chaika GAZ-13 did not have it. The interior retained the usual three-row arrangement of seats for Soviet executive cars with folding straps in the middle row.

The basic configuration of the second generation Chaika included devices worthy car beginning of the 21st century. If electric windows for all doors were introduced on the GAZ-13, and even the Volga GAZ-24 could boast of an electric drive for extending the antenna, then the air conditioner in basic configuration, which appeared on the new Chaika, can be considered a new product for GAZ. Another unusual solution for the 70s on the GAZ-14 was central locking doors. Especially for “The Seagull”, the Riga radio plant VEF developed a high-class stereo radio. Like ZIL limousines, two heaters appeared in the interior of the new Chaika - one for the front, the second for rear seats. A jet headlight washer was installed on the front bumper - in pre-production cars its nozzles were built into protruding housings, and in the production version the jets were placed on the surface of the bumper. In total, the GAZ-14 electrical package included 17 electric drive motors.

However, in order to make related industries that supplied components for the Chaika profitable, GAZ designers decided to adapt a number of parts from the GAZ-14 to the new Volga models. For example, control devices and front seats of the “Chaika” were introduced on the GAZ-3102 and then on the GAZ-24-10 and GAZ-31029.

The entire first half of the 70s was spent on the construction, modification and testing of several series of GAZ-14 prototypes. In December 1976, the first production car was made - it was painted cherry color and presented to L.I. Brezhnev on his 70th birthday.

The following year, 1977, in honor of the 60th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution, Gorky residents launched serial production of the new “Chaika”. From that moment on, cars were painted only black. For the upholstery, natural fabric and plastic were used in two primary colors - beige or dark green. In the 80s, a slightly modernized version received the GAZ-14-02 index.

On the basis of the GAZ-14, GAZ built ceremonial GAZ-14-05 convertibles in a one-piece quantity, light gray in color, with simplified seat upholstery, without an awning frame. At RAF they also made a piece-by-piece ambulance station wagon medical care GAZ-RAF-3920. The circulation of both “body” modifications remained insignificant in comparison with the production volumes of the basic “Seagulls”. These cars were delivered to garages that served ministries, regional and city committees of the CPSU, military commanders, and heads of law enforcement agencies. GAZ-14 was also used to meet foreign guests, as well as for commercial purposes - with Transagency vouchers for weddings. Unlike the production of ZIL limousines, the production of the Chaika paid for itself.

The plant has planned to modernize the GAZ-14. New option was distinguished by disc brakes on the rear wheels, for which it was necessary to change rims, restyling of the front fascia and other details. The car was assigned an index according to the new GOST GAZ-4106.

The tragedy happened in 1988. During the years of Perestroika, the Union government recalled the populist ideas of “the fight against privileges.” As a result, the Council of Ministers made an ill-considered decision to stop the production of executive cars at GAZ. The production of "Chaika" was not only stopped - the plant was forced to destroy all production and technological equipment. In the 90s, the plant’s Design Council considered the possibility of resuming production of the Chaika, but due to the need to restore lost equipment, this idea was considered unprofitable. And only the front suspension of the GAZ-14 type was revived on the Sobol minibus.

Technical characteristics