How to explain what an adverb is. What is an adverb in Russian. Differences between adverbs and words of the state category

An adverb is an independent part of speech that does not change under any circumstances. There are several characteristic features of an adverb, each of which is described in detail in this article with examples. In addition, the grammatical features of the adverb and its syntactic role in the sentence are described here.

Adverb– an independent unchangeable part of speech, which means a sign and answers the questions: How? Where? Where? When? Where? How many? and others.

Depending on what part of speech the adverb belongs to, it can mean:

• Sign of action - an adverb adjoins a verb or gerund (learn by heart, read attentively, high putting, saying quiet) ;
• Attribute of an object - adjacent to a noun (path directly, at all child, dress inside out) ;
• A sign of another sign – adjoins an adjective, adverb, participle (enough fast, amazing Beautiful, Very Fine, doubled more, purchased yesterday made carefully) .

What do adverbs mean?

General meaning of the adverb– non-processual sign (that is, a sign that does not change over time). Highlight circumstances And definitive ranks of adverbs by meaning.

Table Examples of adverbs by meaning

Grammatical features of the adverb

An adverb in the Russian language is not inflected or conjugated (it does not change according to gender, number, or case, like other independent parts of speech). A constant morphological feature of adverbs is rank by meaning.

Adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison: bad - worse - worst of all, loudly - less loudly - loudest of all, boldly - more boldly - boldest of all.

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Syntactic role of the adverb

In a sentence, an adverb is usually used as an adverb (Boy Fine knows the topic). Less likely to act as an inconsistent definition (Mom cooked an egg soft-boiled. We had a running competition race) .

What is an adverb as a part of speech? What questions does the adverb answer? How does an adverb differ from other parts of speech? Examples of adverbs.

“The Russian language is great and powerful” - we all know about this from the school board. Perhaps this is precisely why learning this great language is sometimes so difficult for us. What are all his parts of speech worth? This material will be devoted to one of them.

What is an adverb in Russian, what questions does the adverb answer?

An adverb is an independent part of speech in the Russian language. In addition to the fact that this part of speech is considered independent, it is also unchangeable. Often, adverbs in a sentence are attached to a verb or gerund, less often - to a noun, adjective or other adverb.

In Russian, adverbs can answer many questions, such as:

• Where? Where?
• How? How?
• When? How long?
• How much?
• Why?
• For what? For what?

Depending on what questions the adverbs answer, they are divided into adverbial and attributive.

Adverbial adverbs include:

• Adverbs of time - When? How long? From what time? (for a long time, constantly, for a long time).
• Adverbs of place - Where? Where? Where? (far, everywhere).
• Adverbs of reason - Why? For what reason? (that's why I'm going blind).
• Adverbs of purpose - Why? For what? (intentionally, mockery).

Determinative adverbs include:

• Adverbs of measure and degree - To what extent? How much? How many? (excessively, plenty, very).
• Adverbs of manner and manner of action - How is the action performed? How? (spring-like, quiet).
• Qualitative adverbs - What are the properties or features of the action? (jog lightly, cry quietly).

How is an adverb emphasized in a sentence?

• It is necessary to emphasize an adverb in a sentence based on its meaning. The fact is that sometimes an adverb can act as a definition, sometimes as a circumstance, and sometimes as a subject or predicate.
• If an adverb in a sentence serves as an adverbial circumstance, then it must be emphasized with a dot and a dash - “After reading the letter, Anna Ivanovna began to sob EXTREMELY.”
• If an adverb in a sentence is an inconsistent definition, then it should be underlined with a wavy line - “breakfast in ENGLISH” or “hard-boiled egg.”
• If an adverb in a sentence acts as a predicate, it is underlined by two lines - “He is MARRIED.”
• If an adverb in a sentence serves as a noun, it must be emphasized with one straight line - “Our TODAY worries everyone.”

How to identify an adverb: grammatical and morphological features of an adverb

1. An adverb has no gender.
2. The adverb has no number.
3. The adverb has no case.
4. The adverb is not inflected.
5. The adverb is not conjugated.
6. Adverbs have no endings.
7. Qualitative adverbs ending in -e or -o and formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison.
8. Often adverbs depend on verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and form phrases with them.
9. Adverbs are signs of action, attributes or other objects.
10. In a sentence, an adverb most often acts as an adverb.

Does an adverb indicate a characteristic of an action or object?

Adverbs most often denote a sign of an action or a sign of another sign, and only occasionally - a sign of an object. Examples:

• A sign of action is jumping high, sleeping poorly.
• A sign of another sign is absolutely absurd, so stupid.
• The sign of the subject is life apart, supplies for future use.

What is the difference between an adverb and an adjective?

• An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech, but an adjective is a changeable part of speech.
• An adverb is a sign of an action, state or other attribute, and an adjective is only a sign of an object.
• Often in a sentence, an adverb acts as a circumstance, and an adjective acts only as a modifier.
• An adverb is directly related to the action, and an adjective is directly related to the subject.
• Adverbs do not have gender, number, or case, but adjectives do.
• An adjective in a sentence can easily be omitted, but an adverb cannot.

How do adverbs differ from other parts of speech?

• Adverbs differ from conjunctions in that often adverbs are tied to other parts of speech (verbs, other adverbs, participles, nouns or numerals), and conjunctions are only a link between homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a sentence, or several sentences.
• The difference between adverbs and prepositions is that the former do not introduce a case form of the name.
• Adverbs differ from particles in that they do not obey prepositional nouns by preceding them.
• An adverb does not have dependent or modifiable words (unlike nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns).
• An adverb can often be changed to another adverb that is similar in meaning.

What is an adverb: examples

In this subsection we will look at examples of adverbs that display degrees of comparison of this part of speech:

• Simple comparative degree - obtained by adding the suffix -ee, -ey, -e, -she: fat - fatter, fatter; soft - softer; little - less.
• Compound comparative degree - obtained by strengthening adverbs with words more or less: funny - less funny; hard - more hard.
• Compound superlative - is formed by supplementing the original form of the adverb with the words most, least, or simple comparative degree - the words of all, everything: scary - most (least) scary; coolest - coolest of all (everything).

Adverb as part of speech: Video

Adverb

Adverb(the term is formed by imprecise tracing paper from Lat. adverbium) - part of speech, unchangeable, denoting a sign of an action, a sign of a sign. In school teaching, it is customary to say that the words of this class answer the questions “how?”, “where?”, “where?”, “from where?”, “when?”, “why?”, “for what purpose?”, "to what extent?" and most often refer to verbs and denote a sign of action. Adverbs are formed through the process of adverbialization.

Classification by lexical meaning

• Circumstantial:
  • time- indicate the time of action ( yesterday, today, tomorrow, morning, afternoon, evening, night, spring, now, later, later, always);
  • places- indicate the place where the action takes place ( far, nearby, in the distance, near, here, there, to the right, to the left, back, from a distance, towards, from the side, about);
  • reasons- indicate the reason for the action ( blindly, rashly, foolishly, drunk, involuntarily, not without reason);
  • goals- indicate the purpose of the action ( on purpose, on purpose, out of spite, in defiance, as a joke, intentionally, unintentionally, accidentally).
• Definitive:
  • quality- express a characteristic or assessment of an action or attribute ( cold, brutal, sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right);
  • quantitative- determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or sign ( a lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, twice, thrice, two, three, six, very, very, completely, absolutely);
  • method and mode of action- indicate the method of performing an action ( running, galloping, walking, swimming, shuffling, idling, supine, for sure);
  • comparisons and likenings - (womanish, bearish, old, our way, friendly, still, nose hooked, upright, squiggle, on end, hedgehog, pillar);
  • totality - (two, three, publicly, together).

Qualitative adverbs, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison

• comparative degree is expressed:
  • syntactically: using suffixes -her(-to her), -she, -e"-same" ( more interesting, longer, stronger, louder). Some adverbs form the comparative degree suppletively, that is, changing the stem: good - better, a lot - more, little - less", "deep-deeper";
  • analytically: using an auxiliary word more in combination with the original form of the adverb: more strongly, more vile, more disgusting etc.
• The superlative degree is expressed:
  • syntactically (Greek) σοφὸς - σοφοτατα ): wisely - wisest of all; using suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-: I humbly ask, I bow to you. Very rarely used in modern Russian;
  • analytically: by combining the word most with the original form of the adverb: most disgusting, most scary, the worst etc. It has a bookish connotation and is used mostly in the scientific style of speech and journalism;
  • complex form: combination of words everyone, total with the synthetic form of the comparative degree: the best, best, most.

There are adverbs significant, if they are formed from significant words, that is, if adverbs name some attribute directly ( quiet, loud, evening).

There are also adverbs pronominal, that is, if the adverb does not name a characteristic, but only points to it, that is, to a manner of action ( So), locations ( there, here, here, there), action time ( when, then, then, always), reason ( because, therefore), target ( then). Pronominal adverbs are not a category of adverbs, but a category of pronouns. In the Russian language, significant adverbs predominate.

Classification by method of education

• suffixal: fast - quickly, creative - creatively;
• prefix-suffixal: dry - dry;
• prefixal: good - not good, where - nowhere;
• Addition of different types:
  • addition of words: barely, barely - barely, recklessly - insanely;
  • addition with first element semi-: reclining; half-sitting
  • addition with the addition of a suffix or prefix and suffix: walk by - pass by, gender, strength - half strength.

Spelling adverbs

• Use of hyphen:
  • in adverbs on -ki, -y, -oh with attachment By-: in a friendly way;
  • in adverbs on -s, -s with attachment in-/in-, formed from ordinal numbers ( Firstly);
  • in indefinite adverbs with a prefix some and suffixes -something/-something (somewhere, something, somehow, after all);
  • in adverbs formed:
    • repetition of words and the basics of words (barely, willy-nilly, after all);
    • a combination of synonymous words (unexpectedly).
• Prefix By- written together:
  • in adverbs formed from adjectives using this prefix and suffixes -y, - little, -onku (simply);
  • with forms of comparative degree of adverbs ( higher);

Note: phrases that have the meaning of circumstances are written separately ( in the end, point to point). Combinations exactly, criss-cross, topsy-turvy are written with a hyphen because these are already adverbs, not nouns.

• They write together:
  • prepositions with adverbs ( until now, from outside, forever);
  • adverbs formed by combining prepositions V And on with collective numerals ( doubled, three times);
  • adverbs formed by combining prepositions with full adjectives ( hard-boiled).
  • as a rule, adverbs formed by combining a preposition and a noun ( up, over, in the distance, due to);
  • adverbs formed by combining a preposition with interrogative and demonstrative pronouns ( Why, why).

Note: adverb consisting of a preposition V and a full adjective starting with a vowel are written separately ( in the open)

Adverbs in other languages

Literature

• "Modern Russian Language", ed. D. E. Rosenthal

Links

• Ales Brandner Adverbs in the circle of parts of speech - The history of their origin (formation) (doc). (inaccessible link - story) Retrieved January 20, 2010.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• Participle
• Pretext

See what “Adverb” is in other dictionaries:

adverb- Cm … Dictionary of synonyms

Adverb- Adverb. The word adverb (Greek 【πί〴〳ημα, Latin adverbium) actually means verb (from 〳〟μα, verbum verb). But Barsov, in his grammar (XVIII century), noted that the etymological meaning of the term adverb does not correspond to later ones... ... History of words

adverb- 1. ADVERB, I; Wed Linguistic A set of local dialects or dialects. languages ​​that have common dialectal features. South Great Russian village Severnovelikorusskoe village Celtic n. 2. ADVERB, I; Wed Linguistic Unchangeable part of speech... Encyclopedic Dictionary

ADVERB- (calque, Latin adverbium, Greek epirrhema), part of speech, class of full-valued words, unchangeable or changeable only by degrees of comparison. Indicates a sign of action or condition (sings well, sleeps soundly) and a sign of quality (very... ... Modern encyclopedia

ADVERB- a group of dialects interconnected by a number of common phenomena...

ADVERB- part of speech, a class of full-valued words, unchangeable or changeable only by degrees of comparison. Indicates a sign of an action (state) or quality. In a sentence, it usually acts as an adverbial... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ADVERB Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

ADVERB- 1. ADVERB1, adverbs, cf. (ling.). A set of local dialects, dialects that have common features; a dialect is larger than a dialect. Okaya and Akaya adverbs of the Russian language. 2. ADVERB2, adverbs, cf. (gram.). Unchangeable part of speech... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

ADVERB 1- ADVERB 1, I, Wed. The set of territorial dialects of what kind. language. Severnovelikorusskoe village Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

ADVERB 2- ADVERB 2, I, Wed. In grammar: a part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign (quality, property), less often an object, for example. clear, loud, here, always, home, at night, soft-boiled. Pronominal adverbs (here, there, where, where, from, ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

adverb- ADVERB, I, Wed. The set of territorial dialects of what kind. language. Severnovelikorusskoe village II. ADVERB, I, Wed. In grammar: part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign (quality, property), less often an object, for example. clear, loud... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

• Set of tables. English language. Noun. Pronoun. Adverb (9 tables) , . Educational album of 9 sheets. Art. 5-8658-009. Plural of nouns. Pronouns 1. Pronouns 2. Some/any. Adverbs. Nouns used only in the singular...

1. Adverb- an independent part of speech that denotes signs of actions, signs of signs and answers questions How? Where? When? Where? Why? For what? to what extent?

Basic features of adverbs

Note. In a number of manuals, along with adverbs, state words are highlighted. They are similar in form to adverbs and answer similar questions. But, unlike adverbs, in a sentence they do not depend on other words and are always predicates in an impersonal sentence (cf.: On the soul funny; At night light ). In this manual, state words are included in the category of adverbs.

2. Classes of adverbs by meaning:

3. Degrees of comparison can have adverbs starting with -о (-е), formed from qualitative adjectives:

Wed: cheerful → fun; loud → loud ; fast → quickly .

A) comparative degree May be:

simple(formed using the suffixes -ee (-ee), -e, -she);

More fun, more fun, more fun, louder, louder, farther, farther.

complex(formed by particles more and less);

More fun, less loud.

b) superlative Usually it is complex and consists of two words - the comparative form of the adverb and the word all.

The most fun of all, the loudest of all.

Pay attention!

1) Qualitative adverbs in -о (-е) coincide in form with the neuter forms of short adjectives.

Wed: The sea is calm(adjective) - He calmly left(adverb); The sea is calm(adverb).

In order to distinguish between these forms, it should be remembered that short adjectives are usually the predicate in a two-part sentence; adverbs - an adverb or predicate in an impersonal one-part sentence.

2) The simple comparative degree of adjectives is the same as the simple comparative degree of adverbs. In order to distinguish between these forms, you should replace the simple form of the comparative degree with a complex form (they are not the same for adjectives and adverbs) or replace the comparative degree with a positive one.

Wed: He's calmer than me(adjective - he is calmer than me; he's calm) - Speak more calmly(adverb - speak more calmly; speak calmly).

4. Morphological analysis of adverbs:

Adverb parsing plan

Examples of adverb parsing

Trofimov stepped forward and stood at attention(Ketlinskaya).

(stepped) forward

1. Adverb; denotes an action sign and a sign sign, answers a question (stepped) Where?
2. N. f. - forward. Morphological features: unchangeable word; rank is an adverb of place.
3. In a sentence there is a circumstance of place.

(Frozen) at attention

1. Adverb; denotes a sign of an action and a sign of a sign, answers a question (frozen) How?
2. N. f. - at attention
3. In a sentence - a circumstance of the course of action.

It got completely dark(Chakovsky).

(It became) dark

1. Adverb; denotes a sign of action and a sign of a sign, answers the question (became) How?
2. N. f. - dark. Morphological features: unchangeable word; category - adverb of manner of action.
3. In a sentence - the nominal part of the predicate in an impersonal one-part sentence.

At all (dark)

1. Adverb; denotes an action sign and a sign sign, answers a question (dark) to what extent? how much?
2. N. f. - at all. Morphological features: unchangeable word; rank is an adverb of measure and degree.

The sun warms the barns and courtyards more tenderly in the calm(Bunin).

More affectionately (warms)

1. Adverb; denotes a sign of action and a sign of a sign, answers a question (warms) How?
2. N. f. - kindly. Morphological features: unchangeable word; category - adverb of manner of action; used in the simple comparative degree.
3. In a sentence - a circumstance of measure and degree.

Exercise for the topic “3.5.1. The concept of an adverb. Morphological features of adverbs. Adverb categories. Morphological analysis of adverbs"

The book presents in a concise and accessible form the necessary reference material for all types of analysis in Russian language lessons for the primary school course, and presents many diagrams and examples of grammatical analysis.

Adverb- This independent part Russian speeches, denoting a sign of an action, a sign of an object or a sign of another sign: gradually, competently, childishly, joyfully. The question that an adverb answers depends on what meaning it has. Most often, adverbs answer the questions: How? Where? Where? to what extent? where? When? For what? Why?

Adverb- This unchangeable part of speech. It cannot be declined, conjugated, or otherwise coordinated with other words. Based on this, the adverb does not and cannot have an ending.

Differences between adverbs and conjunctions, prepositions and particles.

Adverbs from unions differ in that the former more often refer to the predicate in a sentence, less often to an adjective, adverb, numeral or noun. The conjunction serves as a connecting component between members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence or entire sentences:

A little his chest rose, indicating that he was alive (adverb).

We began to get ready to go, a little It's starting to get light outside (union).

From prepositions adverbs differ in that they do not introduce a case form of the name:

The puppy took a few steps hesitantly towards (adverb).

Towards the owner of the house came out to me (pretext).

Unlike particles, adverbs cannot syntactically connect a noun with a preposition and stand in front of it:

I was walking directly, without turning and without looking back (adverb).

Sakura petals slowly fell to the ground, falling directly on the heads of people walking in the park (particle).

Differences between adverbs and state category words.

State category words denote the state of a living being or nature. Most of them have the suffix -O. These words can often act as a predicate in an impersonal sentence:

Together funny walk through the open spaces (adverb).

Despite this situation, I felt funny (state category word).

Difference between adverbs and other parts of speech.

Adverb- This independent and complete part of speech, which has its own separate syntactic role in the sentence. Most often, an adverb does not have modifiers and dependent words. An adverb is also often associated with a predicate verb as an adverbial adverb.

In almost 100% of cases, an adverb can be replaced with a synonym word: then - then, first - first, at the same time - together, in vain - in vain.