Ideas for small carpentry workshops. Basic requirements for a carpenter's workshop. – Financial plan

The carpentry business always remains in demand even during an economic downturn. For those who have perfect knowledge of these skills or are planning to organize their own business, we offer you a ready-made business plan for a carpentry shop with step-by-step opening and calculations.

When calculating the necessary funds to open a carpentry workshop, we will need 2,020,000 rubles:

1. For renting space for a workshop (in the first 2 months) – 130,000 rubles.
2. To ensure the operation of an office, warehouse and production (furniture, shelves, lamps, etc.) – 400,000 rubles
3. Stationary equipment (milling machine, machine for drilling and making grooves, miter saw, surface planer, clamp, etc.) – 1,200,000 rubles
4. Conventional tools (square, ruler, level, screwdriver, hammers, clamps, etc.) – 70,000 rubles
5. Creation of a reserve of materials and raw materials – 70,000 rubles.
6. Payment for advertising (for the creation of a website, printed materials, etc.) – 100,000 rubles.
7. Registration and registration in the state. structures – 50,000 rubles.

To implement a carpentry shop, we will need funds to finance the planned project - our own resources (40%), as well as funds from an attracted investor (60%).

Our carpentry shop will produce competitive and popular carpentry products, namely wooden door blocks. Difference from main competitors: environmentally friendly raw materials, and price-quality ratio. Prices will also be balanced within the framework of the main market demand and range from 3,000 to 7,000 rubles.

Our production will primarily focus on the following products:

• PVC-based doors;
• doors coated with eco-veneer;
• as well as doors with lamination to resemble valuable wood species.

Production plan

In accordance with the business plan of a carpentry shop for the production of door blocks, it is necessary to rent a room whose area does not exceed 200 square meters, which has basic communications:

• equipped ventilation;
• lighting system;
• sewerage water supply;
• supplied voltage is 380 VT.

Creating conditions for this requires maintaining both temperature and humidity conditions. For example, air temperature ranges from 18 to 24 degrees Celsius and humidity from 40 to 60 percent).

In addition to the main production premises(approximately 70 sq. meters), it is necessary to have space for warehouses of raw materials and finished products, a room for workers and a bathroom with a shower.

The cost of renting premises will be approximately 60,000 rubles per month.

First of all, you must purchase special equipment and tools. For example, a ready-made business plan for opening a carpentry shop includes:

• weima press for gluing wood panels (blanks);
• sawing machine with carriage;
• thicknesser;
• planing and tenoning machines;
• stationary milling cutter;
• pendulum miter saw;
• edging machine;
• belt grinding machine;
• equipment for applying paint and varnish coatings compressor;
• hoses;
• filters;
• sprayers and more.

With this carpentry equipment you can reach a volume of 200-300 products monthly. In the estimate, this will be approximately 1,100,000 rubles.

The main raw materials for the manufacture of products will consist of MDF, timber, edged boards, and PVC film. Mainly, environmentally friendly wood of the following species will be used: pine, beech, ash, oak. In addition, the supply of related components has been established: door fittings (hinges, handles, locks, bolts, screws, glue, etc.).

Specialized enterprises in the region, for example, are ready to cooperate and provide all the necessary products quickly and efficiently.

Personnel issue

The sample carpentry shop business plan includes a staff of qualified employees.

For the workshop it will be enough:

• technologist (with at least 3 years of experience);
• two experienced carpenters with assistants;
• general workers (2 people);
• sales specialist.

The accountant will be involved sporadically or remotely, using outsourcing.

The monthly salary of employees will be, on average, 150,000 rubles. Remuneration for key working personnel will be piecework.

Choosing a tax system

There will be an LLC (limited liability company). 2 founders are enough. An enterprise with this form will allow it to attract investors and be more competitive and viable in the eyes of potential customers. For taxation itself suitable option will be the simplified tax system (simplified system), providing for a tax of 15 percent of the profit received.

 

*** The material presented here is intended only to general outline disclose this type of business. It should be borne in mind that this is one of the possible options for opening a carpentry workshop; in practice, everything is individual. This guide is intended to help a novice entrepreneur with the basic calculation methodology and provide guidance on the cost and configuration of specialized woodworking equipment (new).

Recently, the demand for window and door units made from natural wood has increased significantly, and according to experts, it will continue to grow.

This is due to the fact that interest in metal-plastic structures is gradually decreasing, and consumers with above-average incomes increasingly prefer environmentally friendly products made from natural wood.

Assortment and main sales channels

In a small carpentry shop you can produce simple window and door blocks, and later master the direction of molded products. At the initial stage of business development, preference should be given to the simplest and most inexpensive technologies. It is recommended to choose standard window and door units as the main assortment, as the demand for these products is constant.

The products of a small carpentry shop will be interesting individuals, carrying out construction on their own, as well as specialized retail stores.

Technology and necessary equipment

The technology for producing window and door blocks can be divided into stages:

1. cutting of lumber, quality control;
2. processing of workpieces;
3. assembly of the structure;
4. product sanding and coating.

For each of the above stages, you can purchase a separate machine or choose a woodworking center that can perform all of the above steps. When purchasing a multifunctional installation, a significantly smaller workshop area will be required than if the machines are installed separately.

An example of one such woodworking center is the D 300 unit, manufactured by the domestic enterprise TECHSNAB LLC. It is capable of replacing the main production capacity of a small carpentry shop ( Thicknesser, milling, grinding, jointing machines).

You can also consider purchasing a multifunctional machine K5-260 (Bulgaria).

Additional tools

To properly operate a carpentry shop, you must purchase the following tools:

• moisture meter;
• roulette;
• calipers;
• electric plane;
• minimal plumbing tools;
• drill;
• screwdriver;
• jigsaw;
• grinding machine;
• corded circular saws;
• tool for applying coloring and antiseptic substances;
• fan with bags for organizing sawdust removal.

Information on area and number of personnel

A small carpentry workshop can be organized on an area of ​​60 m2. Space savings are achieved by combining all equipment in a compact woodworking center.

Feasibility study

Capital investments (in rubles):

• purchase of equipment - 184,000
• Tool costs - 85,000
• transport costs- 50,000 rubles
• purchase of raw materials - 400,000 rubles
• business registration in the form of individual entrepreneur - 21,000;
• other expenses (premises rental) - 15,000.

Total investment in business: 755,000 rubles

Revenue calculation

Subject to 50% equipment load and work 24 shifts per month (8 hour shift)

For the calculation, standard sizes of door and window blocks GOST 6620-88, GOST 23166-78 were used.

Total revenue for 1 calendar month 668,468 rubles

Cost price products taking into account the standards for the production of joinery products will be:

• Window units - 4413 rubles/m2
• Door blocks - 3298 rubles/m2
• The cost of the monthly production volume will be 458,692 rubles

General expenses:

• salary (2 people and an entrepreneur 5 days a week for 8 hours) - 25620x3=76860 rubles
• workshop rent - 15000
• social contributions to funds - 10,686 rubles;
• administrative expenses- 10,000 rubles
• other expenses - 15,000 rubles.

Total fixed costs of the carpentry shop will be 127,546 rubles.

Profit calculation

Profit of the carpentry shop = 668468 - 127546 - 458692 = 82,230 rubles

Return on investment, subject to maintaining volumes and payment wages not only for the employee, but also for the entrepreneur, will be 9 months.

New business idea: Production of fences and enclosures for private households under the FenceLego franchise (new product, lack of competition, high demand even in current market conditions).

Small business experts are seeing growing interest in businesses that can be started at home or in the garage with a small start-up investment. There are entrepreneurs who would like to make products for sale with their own hands or with a small number of faithful assistants. This is explained by the unsuccessful experience of hiring unscrupulous workers.

An effective way to make money on “golden hands” is to open a “joinery”. But before you start starting a business, you should definitely draw up a competent business plan for a carpentry workshop. This is already a big step towards financial success.

Market and target audience analysis

15 years ago on Russian market Construction materials “gushed”: plastic windows and doors stamped from PVC and rolled steel, ruining numerous carpenters. However, recently the production index of wood products has been steadily increasing, not only in our country, but also abroad.

Today wooden window blocks are in demand. According to this indicator, the level of 700 thousand square meters has been exceeded in the Russian Federation. meters. For other carpentry products, more than 1 million cubic meters were produced and sold. meters. Consumers are striving for environmental standards and are increasingly trusting plastic products. If in 2010 87% of residents called metal-plastic windows good choice, then in 2017 this figure dropped to 74%. That is, now the halo of potential customers for carpentry products makes up a quarter of the adult population and continues to grow.

What products does the carpentry workshop produce?

The carpentry workshop carries out deep processing of wood, turning it into a product ready for installation. Frequently ordered products include:

• window blocks for double-glazed windows;
• entrance/interior doors and decks to them;
• flights of stairs;
• verandas and gazebos (disassembled);
• antique furniture and for baths;
• architectural and finishing wood products;
• boats, carts, sleighs.

The production of wooden products with low added value (such as boards, linings, bars, block houses, decking) can be afforded by large wood processing industries. A small carpentry workshop cannot withstand competition with them.

Professional skills and production technology

Whether the owner of a private carpentry works himself or hires carpenters, in any case he needs to know his business. And although those who are well versed in woodworking open their workshops, specialized books will help deepen their knowledge, for example, “An Illustrated Guide to the Production of Carpentry and Furniture Products” by S. Shumega and “Carpentry” by G. Kulebakin. L. Hayrapetyan’s reference book will help with wood glues and methods of their use.

The owner of a carpentry shop must also be able to read complex drawings and learn the programs PowerShape and CorelDRAW for 3D modeling of products and control of CNC woodworking machines, respectively. As for professional skills, special knowledge and skills are required. Even something as simple as cutting with a circular saw requires good preparation. You also need to be able to plane edges for gluing and mill grooves with high precision.

Andrey Sivov, the owner of the carpentry shop, told the website that, in addition to windows, he had to make complex furniture for a restaurant, a real carriage, an “onion” for a rural church and much more. That is, he dealt with a fairly wide range of orders.

How to choose a room for carpentry

If an entrepreneur decides to work alone or with a couple of assistants, you can limit yourself to what you have. A small carpentry workshop requires a warm room with forced ventilation with an area of ​​20 to 40 square meters. meters. It must, of course, meet fire safety standards. The fact that they are betting on their own or small rented premises is explained by the unstable market, which comes to life in the summer and stagnates in the winter.

If a businessman’s goals are more ambitious, he needs to open a full-fledged production facility with a warehouse and drying facility. True, the starting investments in the second case are already serious. A detailed business plan for a carpentry shop should be developed with calculations and design at the very first stage. This work can be carried out by experienced consulting companies that are able to calculate the optimal business process.

“Most often, pensioners or people over 40 open small workshops in basements or garages. Fortunately, sound and heat insulating materials allow this. The main thing is that you don’t have to pay rent,” Andrey Sivov shared his observations. - A carpentry shop with several dozen workers is a serious business with multimillion-dollar investments. The most desperate novice businessmen who are confident in large and stable orders are going to this business.”

Staff

It would be more correct to classify a full-fledged carpentry shop as a medium-sized business. Its discovery justifies itself only when it is possible to organize continuous production of, for example, window blocks or doors. However, large developers, for technological reasons, prefer plastic windows and factory doors, despite the growing popularity of wood. Although working from home makes the carpentry business easier, there are known successful examples, when 5-6 people worked in small carpentry shops. At the same time, the entrepreneur focused on working with contracts and finding orders. For carpentry production you will need the following workers:

The wage fund amounts to 375 thousand rubles. If you add personal income tax, deductions to pension fund and other taxes, then you need to have 500,000 rubles for only one month of work, while reaching the designed capacity can take six months.

If we focus on carpentry markets for one-time contracts, which exist in any locality, it is wise to start alone. Then, when starting out, you don’t have to put anything into the salary fund: as much as you earned, that’s what you received.

Carpentry workshop equipment

For high-quality woodworking, you need to buy a wood moisture meter. This will allow you to purchase material with the moisture content required by GOST 24700-99 and avoid fire-hazardous drying. Such devices are calibrated for different types of wood: birch, pine, beech. Pocket models can be purchased for 1 thousand rubles, higher quality moisture meters cost about 10 thousand rubles.

Of course, you will need hand and power tools. Its cost for a workshop with 3 carpenters can reach 50-70 thousand rubles. What you need to buy is well described in “Carpentry” by G. Kulebakin.

You will also need machines, or at least one combined unit, which has a sawing section, a jointing unit, a thicknessing unit, a milling section and a tenoning carriage. The machine does not take up much space, is optimal for a small room, and has a relatively low price tag of 220 thousand rubles. Plus, it would be nice to order a CNC wood milling machine, but you need to take into account that good model sells for 500 thousand and above.

To equip a small carpentry shop with 3 employees with the necessary equipment, you need to reserve 300 thousand rubles.

Advertising

In order for clients to appear, the owner of a carpentry shop, even if he works alone, must devote time and money to advertising. Otherwise, potential buyers simply will not know about the services. Promoters and handing out flyers are unlikely to help. It is easier and more effective to express yourself in electronic media. Every city or town has a local administration portal, where a section has been created for free ads. Advertising on building materials databases is most effective. At the entrance to a construction market or lumberyard, you should rent a few square meters for a stand. Display your products at the stand. Then you can expect calls to appear within a few days.

Total costs and payback period

For a workshop that a single master opened in his garage, you will need from 100 to 400 thousand rubles, depending on the type of equipment purchased. This will include advertising costs. A small amount of start-up costs predetermines interest in this business.

If you rent premises in an industrial complex, you must take into account at least another three months’ payment for “square meters”, as well as payments for public utilities and security. That is, you need to add an additional 120 thousand rubles. If you are going to hire 2 assistants, you should increase the starting investment by another 100 thousand rubles.

Joinery products, as a rule, are sold with a high added value - about 40%. With a successful start, the investment will pay off in one warm season - that is, in 6-7 months.

For a large carpentry shop, the situation looks different. The payback period depends on the size of the business: the larger the production, the further the break-even point is from the start - but the higher the income. We give approximate guidelines in the table:

How to open a carpentry workshop: step-by-step plan

Since most entrepreneurs start alone or with relatives (for example, with a son or brother), it is for this format that we will write the sequence of actions for opening a carpentry business:

1. Register as an individual entrepreneur if you plan to hire no more than 2 assistants, or as an LLC to open a carpentry shop with several dozen workers.
2. Find a place for a carpentry workshop. If you choose a garage or basement of a house, carry out fire safety measures in accordance with the law. If you decide to rent the premises, enter into an appropriate agreement.
3. Purchase and install equipment. It is logical to purchase wood for a specific order.
4. Make samples of goods and place them as advertising in construction markets and lumber yards. Tell about yourself in local electronic media. This way you will be able to find clients.

Business risks

Although many articles on the RuNet say that a carpentry workshop as a business is doomed to success, in reality this is far from the case. On the Internet you can find advertisements for the sale of almost new woodworking machines, and from the first owners. Reason: “due to lack of demand.” Regardless of what environmentalists say, PVC windows and doors dominate the market.

The carpentry business is characterized by seasonality. Window blocks, flights of stairs and garden gazebos are usually in demand in the summer. The main risks of business in carpentry workshops are a weak order market and strong competition from large players.

Conclusion

A small carpentry workshop, open on its “square meters”, has an excellent chance of survival, despite the dominance of plastic windows, factory doors and ready-made stairs. "Young" and full of strength For a pensioner, this business can indeed bring a good increase in pension.

• Description of products and services
• Production plan
• Recruitment
• Marketing plan
• Financial plan
• • • • Similar business ideas:

Business plan for organizing a carpentry shop for the production of interior door blocks.

How much money do you need to invest to open a carpentry shop for the production of door blocks?

According to preliminary estimates, opening a small carpentry shop will require about 2,020,000 rubles:

• Deposit for renting premises (2 months) - 120 thousand rubles.
• Arrangement of production, office and warehouse premises (tables, chairs, shelving, lighting, etc.) - RUB 500,000.
• Basic equipment (milling machine, drilling and grooving machine, cross-cutting machine, etc.) - RUB 1,100,000.
• Hand tools (chisels, tape measure, jigsaw, hacksaws, mallets, drill, screwdriver, etc.) - RUB 80,000.
• Creation of a stock of raw materials and materials - 70 thousand rubles.
• Advertising (including website creation) - 100 thousand rubles.
• Business registration and other org. expenses - 50 thousand rubles.

Sources of project financing - own funds(30%) and private investor funds (70%).

Description of products and services

The carpentry workshop will specialize in the production of wooden interior doors (door blocks). The products will be distinguished by their quality, environmental friendliness and relatively low price. The price range will be from 3,500 to 6,000 rubles. The main range of products: eco-veneer doors, PVC doors, laminated doors. The total production volume will be about 200 door units per month or 2,400 products per year.

Production plan

A 150 sq.m. premises will be rented to house the carpentry workshop. meters with all communications: electricity (380 V), water supply, heating, sewerage, ventilation system. A room with such conditions will allow you to create optimal temperature regime and air humidity necessary for high-quality production of doors (humidity 40-60%, temperature 18−24 degrees). In addition to the production workshop itself (70 sq. m.), the premises will house a warehouse for raw materials, a warehouse for finished products, a staff room, and a shower room. Rent will be 60 thousand rubles. per month.

How to choose equipment for a carpentry workshop

The carpentry shop will include the following equipment: milling machine, drilling and mortising machine, cross-cutting machine, tenoning machine, longitudinal planing machine, calibrating and grinding machine, hydraulic press, edge banding machine, corner center, glue application machine. This kit will be enough to produce 150 - 250 door blocks per month. The estimated cost of a set of machines is 1.1 million rubles. MDF, laminated veneer lumber, laminated timber, and honeycomb filling will be used as raw materials for the production of doors. Wood materials - pine, alder, beech, oak. The issue with suppliers of other materials necessary for the production of doors has already been resolved: fittings, double-glazed windows, varnishes, paints, etc. A large number of woodworking industries within a radius of 100 km make it possible to arrange the supply of raw materials and materials in the shortest possible time.

Recruitment

Special attention will be paid to personnel search. The workshop will employ an experienced technologist (at least 3 years of experience), a carpenter (2 people) and carpenter assistants (2 people), general workers (2 people), and a sales manager. The accountant will be hired on a part-time basis. Remuneration will be predominantly piecework and, depending on the volume of output, the total wage fund will range from 130 to 170 thousand rubles per month.

Which tax system to choose for a workshop

A limited liability company with two founders will be registered as an organizational form. Status legal entity will allow you to easily attract additional investments into your business and will significantly increase the status of the organization in the eyes of potential customers. The simplified taxation system (STS) will be used as a taxation system, 15% of the profit of the carpentry shop.

Marketing plan

At first, it is planned to sell the doors to local retail stores, of which there are many in our city (400 thousand inhabitants). With an increase in production volumes, it is possible to enter the market of neighboring regions. Also, in the near future it is planned to open our own retail sales points. For this purpose, several square meters will be rented in popular shopping centers of the city, with samples of doors and a catalog of works displayed. For such a point, only one sales consultant will be required. The cost of organizing such a retail outlet will be no more than 100 thousand rubles. Advertising will be used primarily in the media (newspapers, magazines), meetings with potential buyers (owners of retail outlets), as well as Internet resources (website and Yandex-Direct advertising).

Financial plan

Fixed monthly expenses

• Rent - 60 thousand rubles. (300 rubles per unit of production)
• Utility costs - 40 thousand rubles. (RUB 200 per unit)
• Advertising - 30 thousand rubles. (RUB 150 per unit)
• Salary + insurance (technologist, manager, general workers) - 80 thousand rubles. (400 rubles per unit)
• Services of third-party organizations (accounting, cleaning) - 15 thousand rubles. (RUB 75 per unit)
• Transport costs - 25 thousand rubles. (RUB 125 per unit)
• Other unforeseen expenses - 30 thousand rubles. (RUB 150 per unit)

Total - 280 thousand rubles Variable costs per unit (door)

• Salary - 800 rubles.
• Raw materials and materials - 600 rub.

Thus, the cost of manufacturing one door will be 2800 rubles.

How much can you earn from carpentry shop products?

• Production volume - 200 doors
• The average selling price of one door is 3,500 rubles.
• Profit per unit of production: 3500 - 2800 = 700 rubles.
• Total profit per month - 140,000 rubles.
• Net profit per month (minus simplified tax system, 15%) - 119,000 rubles.

The profitability of the carpentry shop is 25%. With such indicators, investments in business pay off in 17 - 20 months of operation of the enterprise.

Regardless of where you want to allocate a corner for yourself for a workshop, first of all, you need to make sure that it is located as far as possible from a residential building, for example, in a garage. It is not difficult to choose a place on the site; it will be much more difficult for those who, living in a city apartment, do not have a country plot or at least a garage, since they will have to put a workbench in one of the rooms. Ideally, you can allocate a storage room for a workshop; you can also hide the workbench in the hallway, in the built-in closet, or take it out onto the loggia.

Further, everything is limited by the available area. If you only have a small booth at your disposal (a newsstand purchased for the occasion, or just a small utility unit), carefully work out the plan for the carpentry workshop. The less space available, the more limited you will be in terms of equipment. In an area of ​​4 square meters you can only fit a workbench, a small grinder and perhaps an anvil. But you still need to leave room for movement and, of course, do not forget the arrangement of cabinets with tools.

You will be most comfortable working with your own hands in a separate shed with an area of ​​at least 6 square meters or in a garage. After all, a carpenter needs not only a workbench, but also various machines, in particular a lathe and, if possible, a drill. Also, for fire safety, it is advisable to allocate space for a box of sand, a barrel of water and a box for sawdust. It would be a good idea to place a rack for lumber near one of the walls or locate a workshop not far from it. To ensure that your country carpentry workshop, which you set up yourself at home or in the garage, has a competent layout, it is worth watching a training video on this topic once.

So, separate metal or built, but for now it's just a box. The most important thing at the next stage is high-quality sound insulation. It’s unlikely that your household will enjoy listening to the screeching sound of an electric plane or the whine of a drill all day. Therefore, it is advisable to cover even the door with sound-absorbing material. The window, of course, will let sounds through freely, but it can be made on the opposite side of the residential building. At the same time, it is better to make the internal lining of the walls and floors with your own hands from non-combustible materials or impregnate the so popular fiberboard slabs with a special fire-retardant primer. Video instructions will show you how best to do this.

The second thing to do is to conduct electricity. Moreover, the cable must be multi-core, designed for heavy loads, especially if you plan to operate several machines and power tools at once. If the building is wooden, the wiring, to avoid fire due to short circuit placed in special metal boxes or pipes. Sockets must be grounded, just like the machines themselves.. And, of course, take care of good lighting; fluorescent fluorescent lamps are best suited.

And finally, try not to forget about ventilation. Imagine for a moment how much wood dust rises into the air when working with, say, an electric jigsaw. Some of it will settle on the workbench or floor, but you will definitely inhale some of it. Therefore, even the simplest exhaust system can make working conditions much more comfortable than the complete absence of ventilation. It is better to find out how such an installation functions and how to install it in the best way with your own hands using a video. At the same time, regardless of whether your workshop is in a shed, at home or in a garage, it is advisable to ensure not only the outflow of dusty air, but also the influx of fresh air.

When arranging equipment, it is important to maintain priority, for example, drilling and lathe closer to the workbench, and the grinding one - further, the tools should be stored directly near the workplace.

There is usually little space in the apartment for those who like to make something in their free time. There's a living room for watching videos together as a family, and there's definitely no corner for a workbench. Even more so in the bedroom and kitchen. Therefore, a workshop within the walls of a house is either on a loggia, or in a storage room, less often - in the hallway, as mentioned above, in a closet converted into a workbench. Let's look at the options for what a carpentry workshop plan could be.

If the balcony is spacious enough and insulated, it can be an ideal place for setting up your workshop, but if it is not glazed, work at the workbench will be seasonal. Therefore, first of all, it is advisable to take care of the frames and heater. Next, there is an outlet on the balcony, but here it is immediately worth remembering that the home electrical network is not designed for powerful machines, and the neighbors are unlikely to be delighted with the noise. Therefore, you will have to limit yourself to hand-held electric tools. But the loggia has ideal ventilation - just open the windows.

The worst inflow and outflow of air is in the pantry, but it is convenient due to its isolation from living and circulation spaces. True, in such a small room there is almost no space for a workbench, not to mention equipment, so the best solution There will be a wardrobe with a folding table. The first will store tools, and the second will become a working surface, not particularly reliable, but easily removed when not needed. You can find a video master class on how to make a compact workbench with your own hands.

And finally, we got to the wardrobe in the hallway, an almost ideal place for a working corner, especially with the sufficient depth of the built-in closet. Here you can make 2 compartments: a narrow one with shelves and a wide one with a workbench. The first will serve as storage for tools that will always be at hand. The main thing is that the hinged doors hide both compartments behind them, otherwise you will have to constantly be distracted by looking behind the adjacent door in search of a hammer or chisel.