Thermopsis herb extract. Thermopsis grass - description, beneficial properties, application. It's important to remember that

Russian name

Latin name of the substances Thermopsis lanceolata herb + [Sodium bicarbonate]

Pharmacological group of substances of Thermopsis lanceolata herb + [Sodium bicarbonate]

Typical clinical and pharmacological article 1

Pharmaceutical action. Expectorant of plant origin. Thermopsis herb has an expectorant effect, having a moderate irritant effect on the receptors of the gastric mucosa, and reflexively increases the secretion of the bronchial glands. The alkaloids contained in thermopsis (cytisine, methylcytisine, pachycarpine, anagyrine, thermopsin and thermopsidine) have a stimulating effect on the respiratory and, in high doses, vomiting centers. Sodium bicarbonate stimulates the secretion of bronchial glands and helps reduce the viscosity of sputum.

Indications. Cough with difficult to separate sputum (bronchitis, tracheitis) - as part of complex therapy.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.

Dosing. Orally, 1 tablet 3 times a day for 3-5 days. Higher doses for adults orally (in terms of thermopsis): single - 0.1 g, daily - 0.3 g.

Side effect. Nausea.

State register of medicines. Official publication: in 2 volumes - M.: Medical Council, 2009. - Volume 2, part 1 - 568 pp.; Part 2 - 560 s.

Interactions with other active ingredients

Trade names

Pharmacotherapeutic group. Expectorant (herb). Respiratory analeptic (seeds).

Description of the plant

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Rice. 10.15. Thermopsis lanceolata

Thermopsis lanceolata herb- herba thermopsidis lanceolatae
Thermopsis lanceolata seeds- semina thermopsidis lanceolatae
- thermopsis lanceolata r. Br.
Sem. Legumes- fabaceae

Other names: mouser, drunken grass.

perennial herbaceous plant up to 40 cm high with a long, creeping rhizome (Fig. 10.15).
Stems simple or branched, grooved, covered with soft hairs.
Leaves alternate, trifoliate, short-petiolate, with two large stipules; young leaves are folded along the vein. The stipules are lanceolate, almost half as long as the leaflets, pubescent with appressed hairs. The leaflets are oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 30-60 mm long, 5-12 mm wide, almost glabrous above, covered with appressed hairs below.
Flowers large, moth-type, with a yellow corolla, collected in whorls of 3, located in the axils of small bracts, forming a thin terminal raceme, reaching 20 cm in length.
Fetus- flat oblong-linear bob, straight or slightly arched, 4-9 cm long.
Seeds almost kidney-shaped, greenish-black with a bluish coating.
Blooms in June - July, fruits ripen in August - September.

Composition of thermopsis

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Chemical composition of thermopsis

The aerial part of Thermopsis lanceolata contains amount of alkaloids, quinolizidine derivatives (up to 2.5%) -

• thermopsin,
• homothermopsin,
• pachycarpine,
• anagyrine,
• N-methylcytisine and others,

• phenolic acids and their derivatives - glycoside thermopsilancin,
• flavonoids,
• saponins,
• tannins,
• resins,
• mucus,
• traces of essential oil;

The alkaloid cytisine predominates in the seeds.

Properties and applications of thermopsis

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Pharmacological properties of thermopsis

The herb Thermopsis lanceolata was proposed in 1933 by M.N. Varlakov as an expectorant to replace imported ipecac.

Thanks to the content of saponins and alkaloids, thermopsis renders

• combined effect on the respiratory system.

Preparations of the herb Thermopsis lanceolata

• stimulate the respiratory and
• stimulate the vomiting center.

Thermopsis renders

• pronounced expectorant effect (due to the alkaloid thermopsin), manifested in increased secretory function of the bronchial glands, increased activity of the ciliated epithelium and accelerated evacuation of secretions, increased tone of bronchial smooth muscles due to the central vagotropic effect.

Cytisine refers to N-cholinomimetics (gangliostimulants) and, due to its tonic effect on the respiratory center, is considered as

• respiratory analeptic.

Characteristic of the action of cytisine is

• excitation of breathing associated with reflex stimulation of the respiratory center by enhanced impulses coming from the carotid glomeruli.

Simultaneous stimulation of the sympathetic nodes and adrenal glands leads to

• increased blood pressure.

Application of thermopsis

Thermopsis grass lanceolate in the form of powder, infusion, liquid and dry extracts is used as expectorant at

• chronic tracheitis,
• bronchitis and
• bronchopneumonia,
• as well as with catarrhal phenomena of the upper respiratory tract and oropharynx, accompanied by the formation of difficult to separate inflammatory products.

Thermopsis seeds lanceolate are the raw material for the production of the alkaloid cytisine.

The drug "Cititon" used as a means of stimulating the respiratory center.

"Tabex", films with cytisine are prescribed for the purpose of quitting smoking. The drugs reduce the desire to smoke and alleviate the painful symptoms associated with quitting smoking for smokers. The action is due to the stimulation of central H-cholinergic receptors (a strong drug is replaced with a weaker one) and is similar to the mechanism of action of lobeline and anabasine.

The drugs are contraindicated at

• peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum,
• organic pathology of the cardiovascular system.

Treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a physician. In case of an overdose, nausea, vomiting, dilated pupils, and increased heart rate are possible, which requires stopping the drug.

Spreading

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Spreading. Distributed in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Western and Eastern Siberia, Northern Kazakhstan; in the European part of the country it is found only in the Volga region, Orenburg region and Bashkiria.

Habitat. It grows on saline and sandy soils, in steppes, in damp meadows, on slopes, and sometimes as a weed in crops.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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Preparation. Grass Lanceolate thermopsis is harvested in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering. You can harvest both flowering plants and vegetative shoots without flowers at the same time. Harvesting is stopped as soon as the first fruits appear, the presence of which is unacceptable. The grass is cut with a sickle or garden knife at a height of 3-5 cm from the soil surface.

Seeds Thermopsis lanceolata is collected after they are completely ripe. The beans are picked by hand or the fruiting plants are mowed down and then dried in the sun. Dry raw materials are threshed, the seeds are winnowed. All work on collecting and drying seeds is carried out in respirators.

Security measures. Grass harvesting in one place can be carried out annually for several years, since if the harvesting rules are followed, thermopsis grows back well after cutting and does not experience noticeable oppression.

Drying. The grass is dried in the sun, and in inclement weather - under a canopy, in attics or in dryers with artificial heating at a temperature of 50-60 ºС.

Due to the strong toxicity of the entire plant, collecting the grass, as well as all work on drying, packaging, etc. should be done with protective bandages (or respirators), and wash hands thoroughly after work.

Standardization. GF XI, issue. 2, Art. 59 (grass); TU 64-4-17-76 (seeds).

Storage. Grass and seeds are stored according to list B. The shelf life of raw materials is 2 years.

External signs of raw materials

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Grass

Whole raw materials.
Whole or partially chopped stems with leaves and flowers.
Stems simple or branched, furrowed, slightly pubescent, up to 30 cm long.
Leaves alternate, trifoliate, on short petioles (4-7 mm), with oblong or oblong-lanceolate leaflets 30-60 mm long, 5-12 mm wide; almost naked above, covered with appressed hairs below.
Stipules lanceolate, almost half as long as the leaflets, pubescent with appressed hairs.
Flowers collected by whorls into a sparse apical raceme. The calyx is bell-shaped, five-toothed with teeth unequal in length, pubescent with appressed hairs. The corolla is butterfly, 25-28 mm long, the upper petal (flag) has an almost rounded bend, at the apex with a deep and narrow notch; two side petals (wings) only slightly shorter than the flag; the lower fused petals (boat) are 1.5-2 times wider than the wings. Stamens 10, all free; pistil 1 with a long style and a silky-pubescent ovary.
Color stems and leaves are grayish-green, flowers are yellow.
Smell weak, peculiar. The taste is not defined (!).

Crushed raw materials.
Pieces of stems, leaves and flowers of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
Color pieces of stems and leaves are grayish-green, flowers are yellow.
Smell weak, peculiar. The taste is not defined (!).

Powder , passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.16 mm.
Color greyish green. Smell weak, peculiar. The taste is not defined (!).

Seeds hard, smooth, shiny, somewhat flattened, kidney-shaped. Length from 2.5 to 5.7 mm, thickness from 0.5 to 3 mm. Color seeds are black, less often brownish-gray and dark gray. Smell absent. Taste cannot be determined (poisonous!).

Other types thermopsis

Thermopsis Turkestan

Turkestan Thermopsis (Thermopsis turkestanica Gand.) is close to Lanceolate Thermopsis and is often considered as its subspecies. It is distinguished by a more powerful, branched stem, narrow-lanceolate leaves and fruits that are strongly arched to the side.
It grows in the Tien Shan mountains (the main procurement area is Northern Kyrgyzstan).
Used along with Thermopsis lanceolata.

Thermopsis alternate-flowered

Thermopsis alterniflora Regel et Schmalh. is an endemic species of Central Asia, harvested in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
It differs from Thermopsis lanceolata in having a higher (50-90 cm) stem and wider leaves, 25-40 mm long, 5-25 mm wide. The inflorescence is an apical raceme 3-9 cm long, bearing from 5 to 20 or more large yellow flowers. The flowers are arranged alternately, which is the main distinguishing feature of this species.
The herb Thermopsis alternata contains up to 3% of the total amount of quinolizidine alkaloids, including 0.64-1.2% cytisine. Cut thermopsis grass (Herba Thermopsidis alterniflorae concisa) is harvested during the budding and early flowering phase, then the grass is crushed and dried in the sun. Raw materials are stored according to list B, shelf life is 3 years.
The raw materials are used to obtain the alkaloid cytisine, similar to the seeds of Thermopsis lanceolata.

Microscopy of raw materials

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When examining the leaf from the surface, polygonal cells of the upper epidermis with slightly convoluted walls are visible, while the lower epidermis has more convoluted walls. In places, especially on the upper epidermis, the cell walls have distinct thickenings.
Stomata surrounded by 3-5 parastomatal cells (anomocytic type), submerged, predominant on the underside of the leaf.
Hairs numerous bicellular, consisting of a short basal cell and a long terminal cell, pressed to the surface of the leaf. In some hairs, the terminal cell is long, with a thick, coarsely bumpy surface on the outside, while in others it is somewhat shorter, with a thin wall and a smooth surface. Around the site of hair attachment, epidermal cells with almost straight walls are arranged radiantly, forming a rosette. If a hair has fallen off, a round ridge is visible in the center of the rosette.

When clearing a leaf with a solution of chloral hydrate in the cells of the epidermis numerous spherocrystals of the phenol glycoside thermopsilancin are visible, easily soluble in alkali (Fig. 10.16).

Powder There are fragments of the epidermis with stomata, rosettes and sometimes spherocrystals, numerous hairs, fragments of parenchyma and blood vessels.

Rice. 10.16. Microscopy of a Thermopsis lanceolata leaf:
A - epidermis of the upper side;
B - epidermis of the lower side:
1 - hairs;
2 — spherocrystals of phenologlycoside thermopsilancin.

Numerical indicators of raw materials

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Grass

Whole raw materials . The amount of alkaloids in terms of thermopsin, determined titrimetrically, is not less than 1.5%; humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 8%; fruits no more than 1%; browned parts of grass and roots (including those separated during analysis) no more than 4%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Crushed raw materials. The amount of alkaloids in terms of thermopsin is not less than 1.5%; humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 8%; fruits no more than 1%; browned parts of grass and pieces of roots no more than 4%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.5 mm, no more than 8%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Powder. The amount of alkaloids in terms of thermopsin is not less than 1.5%; humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 8%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes measuring 0.16 mm, no more than 5%.

Seeds

Cytisine not less than 1.75% (polarographic method of determination); humidity no more than 12%; total ash no more than 4%; other parts of the plant (pieces of stems, leaves and bean leaves) no more than 1.5%; broken, puny seeds no more than 1%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

Medicines based on

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1. Thermopsis lanceolata herb, powder; infusion (prepared in a pharmacy). Expectorant.
2. Cough tablets (thermopsis herb powder 0.01 g, sodium bicarbonate 0.25 g). Expectorant.
3. Codelac, tablets (component – ​​thermopsis grass in powder). Antitussive, expectorant.
4. Thermopsis liquid extract. Expectorant.
5. Thermopsis dry extract, tablets 0.05 g. Expectorant.
6. Dry cough syrup for adults, powder (component – ​​dry extract). Expectorant.
7. Cytiton, injection solution 0.15% (cytisine alkaloid). Analeptic.
8. Tabex, tablets p.o. 0.0015 g each (cytisine alkaloid). Reduces the desire to smoke, eliminates vegetative and other disorders during nicotine withdrawal.
9. Films with cytisine, films of 0.0015 g. Reduces the desire to smoke, eliminates vegetative and other disorders during nicotine withdrawal.

Thermopsis herb - Herba Thermopsidis

Thermopsis seeds -SeminaThermopsidis

Lanceolate thermopsis - Thermopsis lanceolata R.Br.

Legume family - Fabaceae

Other names:

- mouser

- drunk grass

Botanical characteristics. A perennial herbaceous plant with a creeping rhizome, from which simple or branched above-ground stems 20-25 cm high arise. The stems are grooved, covered with soft hairs. The leaves are trifoliate, with two stipules, alternate; young leaves are folded along the vein (diagnostic sign). The flowers are yellow, large, collected in apical racemes of 2-3 opposite or in whorls. The fruit is a flat, oblong-lanceolate bean. The seeds are brown, spherical-ovoid. It blooms in June, the fruits ripen in September.

Spreading. Western and Eastern Siberia, Bashkortostan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Trans-Volga region.

Habitat. It is found in damp meadows, saline and sandy soils, on slopes, and sometimes as a weed in crops.

Preparation. All precautions must be taken. The grass is harvested at the beginning of flowering, before the fruits form. Plants with ripe fruits are not subject to harvesting.

Security measures. Cut with a shortened sickle at a height of 4-5 cm from the soil. This ensures the preservation of the kidneys and the possibility vegetative propagation. Harvesting is possible annually. Dry beans are harvested from September to October. They are threshed, sifted, and other parts of the plant are discarded.

Drying. Produced in open and closed areas.

External signs. According to GF XI, the grass has leafy stems with flowers 15-20 cm long, covered with small white hairs. A defect in raw materials is the presence of plants with browned leaves, unsevered roots and faded flowers. The presence of mature seeds is completely unacceptable. No more than 1% of unripe fruits are allowed. The seeds are smooth, shiny, flattened, kidney-shaped, freed from the pericarp. The seeds are hard and difficult to cut. Inside there are two cotyledons. Seed length 3-4 mm, thickness 0.5-3 mm. The seeds are black on the outside and yellowish-white on the inside. There is no smell.

Harvesting other types of thermopsis is permitted. Turkestan thermopsis - Thermopsis turkestanica Gand. - Procured in Kyrgyzstan. It differs from Thermopsis lanceolata in its more powerful branched stem. Flowers are arranged in whorls of 2-3. The seeds from which cytisine is obtained are used. Thermopsis alterniflora Rgl. - Procured in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. The grass differs from Thermopsis lanceolata in its high (from 50 to 90 cm) stem. The leaflets of the trifoliate leaf are twice as wide. The flowers are large, 5-20 in the apical raceme, arranged alternately (the main diagnostic feature). Beans contain from 1 to 6 seeds. The herb contains up to 3% of the total alkaloids, including 1.2% cytisine.

The authenticity of raw materials is determined by external and microscopic signs. In preparations cleared with chloral hydrate, spherocrystals of the glycoside thermopsilancin, which dissolves in alkalis, are visible in the epidermal cells. Hairs of two types are located in the center of the rosette, most often consisting of two cells. The lower, basal, cell is inconspicuous, the upper is a long, terminal cell. Some hairs are short, thin-walled, smooth; others are long, thick-walled, with sparse teeth along the edge.

Chemical composition. The herb contains alkaloids (up to 2.5%) - thermopsin, homothermopsin, pachycarpine, anagyrin, methylcytisine, as well as the glycoside thermopsilancin, saponins, tannins, mucus, essential oil, resins; in seeds - alkaloid cytisine (not less than 2.5%). The seeds are the main source for cytisine.

Storage. Grass and seeds are stored according to list B. In pharmacies, grass is stored in boxes, in warehouses - in bales. The shelf life of the herb Thermopsis lanceolata is 2 years, and Thermopsis alternate-flowered - 3 years.

Pharmacological properties. Cytisine is a substance with “ganglionic” action and, due to its stimulating effect on breathing, is considered a respiratory analeptic. Has a stimulating effect on the autonomic ganglia nervous system and related formations: chromaffin tissue of the adrenal glands and carotid glomeruli.

Characteristic of the action of cytisine (as well as lobeline) is the excitation of breathing associated with reflex stimulation of the respiratory center by enhanced impulses coming from the carotid glomeruli. Simultaneous stimulation of the sympathetic nodes and adrenal glands leads to an increase in blood pressure.

Medicines. Infusion, dry thermopsis extract, complex preparations in tablets, preparations "Cititon" and "Tabex" (from seeds). Cut grass. Cough tablets.

Application. Expectorant. "Cititon" has a stimulating effect on the respiratory center. "Tabex" is prescribed for the purpose of quitting smoking. The drugs are contraindicated in case of cardiovascular insufficiency. Treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a physician.

"Cytitonum" - 0.15% aqueous solution of cytisine. The effect of cititon on breathing is of a short-term “push-like” nature, but in some cases, especially with reflex stops of breathing, the use of cititon can lead to a permanent restoration of breathing and blood circulation.

Previously, cititone was widely used for poisoning (morphine, barbiturates, carbon monoxide, etc.). Due to the emergence of specific antagonists of opiates (naloxone, etc.) and barbiturates (bemegride) and the short duration of action, cititon currently has limited use. Nevertheless, in case of reflex cessation of breathing (during operations, injuries, etc.), tsititon can be used as a respiratory analeptic; Due to the pressor effect (which distinguishes it from lobeline), cititone can be used in shock and collaptoid conditions, in respiratory and circulatory depression in patients with infectious diseases, etc.

Cititon is administered intravenously or intramuscularly: for adults, 0.5-1 ml; children under 12 months - 0.1-0.15 ml; 2-5 years - 0.2-0.3 ml, 6-12 years - 0.3 - 0.5 ml. The most effective is intravenous administration. If indicated, the injection of cititon can be repeated after 15-30 minutes. Higher doses for adults intravenously and intramuscularly: single 1 ml, daily 3 ml.

Cititon is contraindicated (due to its ability to increase blood pressure) in cases of severe atherosclerosis and hypertension, bleeding from large vessels, and pulmonary edema.

Cytisine is part of Tabex tablets (Tabex, Bulgaria), used to facilitate smoking cessation. Prescribe 1 tablet per dose, initially 5 times a day, with a further reduction in the dose to 1-2 tablets per day. People taking these pills develop unpleasant sensations when smoking. The course of treatment lasts 20-25 days. The mechanism of action of the drug is similar to the mechanism of action of lobeline and anabasine.

The use of Tabex tablets should be as directed and under the supervision of a physician. In case of an overdose, nausea, vomiting, dilated pupils, and increased heart rate are possible, which requires stopping the drug.

Thermopsis is a foul-smelling perennial plant with long creeping rhizomes and a simple, erect stem. This herbaceous plant has trifoliate, grayish-green, lanceolate-shaped leaves. The leaf blades are supplemented with large stipules. Large yellow flowers of irregular shape are collected in graceful clusters. The thermopsis fruit is a linear bean with a small spout.

Useful properties of thermopsis

In modern medical practice, various preparations containing thermopsis are used as an expectorant and anti-inflammatory agent for various colds and infectious diseases. Healing infusions of the herb promote rapid removal of mucus from the respiratory tract, stimulate breathing and relieve spasms of peripheral blood vessels. In addition, thermopsis is indicated for hypertension, as well as for stimulating very weak labor. The special powder of this dry plant produces an insecticidal effect.

Herbs such as thermopsis have been proven to be effective as an anthelmintic. Modern doctors prescribe the herb not only for pneumonia and bronchitis, but also for fever, flu, headaches and intestinal atony.

Application of thermopsis

Thermopsis is indicated for both adults and children. It is no coincidence that it is part of many complex medicinal teas and herbal mixtures. For chronic bronchitis and pneumonia, it is difficult to do without such a universal remedy. To prepare an infusion of 6 mg of herb, take one glass of boiling water and infuse the product for about eight hours. Adults should take it up to 5 times a day, 1 tablespoon. The children's dosage is 1 tablespoon no more than three times a day.

Thermopsis preparations are often prescribed for low blood pressure; at the same time, due to special adrenergic mechanisms of action, they also enhance the function of the adrenal glands. It should also be noted that the plant has ganglion-blocking properties. When prescribing medicinal preparations based on thermopsis, it is recommended to be careful, since thermopsis is considered a potent substance.

Thermopsis for cough

When taken orally, these tablets are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract itself, and then instantly enter the bloodstream and the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi, producing a powerful irritating effect. This causes reflex secretion of thick bronchial secretions. The motor activity of the bronchial muscles also increases, which promotes expectoration and complete removal of pathogenic sputum.

Thanks to the sodium bicarbonate included in the tablets, they significantly reduce the viscosity of sputum. Thermopsis is indicated for non-productive dry cough.

How to take thermopsis? For bronchitis and pneumonia, as well as for acute inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, adults are prescribed to take the medicine 3 times a day, one whole tablet. The course of treatment should be at least three days. For prolonged or chronic inflammation, the course is extended to 5 days.

Thermopsis for cough for children. Up to two years of age, it is recommended to give children an infusion of herbs, which is prepared at the rate of 0.1 grams of raw material per 100 ml of boiling water. The medicine should be taken half a teaspoon no more than three times a day. For children under 6 years old, you can increase the dose of infusion to 1 teaspoon. Children from 6 to 12 years old are prescribed a course of treatment of 0.5 tablets. To get results, you should take the medicine regularly for at least three days.

Thermopsis during pregnancy

Only a doctor can prescribe treatment with thermopsis in the form of tablets no earlier than the last, third trimester of pregnancy.

Thermopsis with soda

This powder with soda and dry grass has very strong insecticidal properties. It is a poison of narrowly targeted contact action.

Thermopsis infusion

To independently prepare the presented herbal infusion, you will need at least 200 grams of water per 1 gram of dried herb. It is recommended to infuse the product for about 40–50 minutes, and then strain. The dosage for an adult should not exceed 1 tablespoon; you can drink the drug up to 4 times a day.

Thermopsis tincture

Thermopsis extract

Thermopsis lanceolata

The thin apical raceme represents the inflorescence. The flowers are located on short stalks in the axils of the bracts. The small bean, about 5 cm long, has a linear, protruding seed receptacle. When the fruit valves open, kidney-shaped, smooth seeds with a bluish-black coating appear. Lanceolate thermopsis blooms in June and early July. This species can be found in Siberia and Kazakhstan. As a rule, this plant chooses saline and sandy soils. It settles in river valleys, on small gravelly slopes, and also in wheat crops.

Contraindications to the use of thermopsis