Report: Charger. Main types of chargers Built-in and external chargers

Easy to use and a necessary accessory. Used almost every day. Most likely, you have several of them at home. What is this? Charger! For phone, tablet, reader, smart watch...

Types of chargers – mains, car and induction

AC charger is an accessory that allows you to charge devices using electric current straight from the socket. This means that you can use it not only at home or at work, but wherever you have access to electricity. The USB cable detachable from the power supply allows you to charge the device using the USB port on your computer or laptop.

Car charger is an accessory that charges devices from the cigarette lighter socket in the car. Most often it consists of a power supply that connects directly to the cigarette lighter with a USB output on a cable that has a USB connector on one side and a micro-USB or micro-USB on the other USB type C. As a rule, it only provides energy when the key is inserted into the ignition switch.

Inductive charger is a modern solution that allows wireless charging of devices. The accessory consists of a power cable, as well as a platform on which you place the phone for charging. The charger plugs into an outlet, and when the phone is not in use, it can be placed on the wireless charging platform. When you pick up the phone again, charging will stop.

Inductive charging will work with your smartphone if it is adapted to this technology. The metal back panel prevents the use of induction, unlike the glass body. Wireless charging is only possible with certain models that meet this requirement. You will find information on this topic in the device specification.

Charger with Power Delivery technology– This is usually a device with a USB type C connector. Thanks to this, it can be used simultaneously to charge a phone or laptop if they have compatible USB C ports. Some models chargers They also have standard USB 2.0 ports and can be used to charge other mobile devices.

Charger parameters

Once upon a time, each phone manufacturer used solutions suitable only for its devices. Later, by general agreement among manufacturers, most moved to the micro-USB standard to limit the generation of e-waste. Thanks to a single standard, theoretically, a charger from one smartphone can charge any other. You can also use it to replenish energy in your e-reader or camera.

In practice, it is worth paying attention to the characteristics of the charger, such as charging voltage , expressed in volts (V) and current strength, expressed in amperes (A). As a rule, these parameters are selected so as to effectively and safely charge the device that came with the charger. The mere fact that a charger has an identical micro USB connector does not guarantee that it will reliably charge a phone or reader of another brand.

Yes, you will charge your smartphone faster with a charger with a current of 2A and a voltage of 5V than with a charger with a current of 1A and a voltage of 5V. However, remember that high charging rates will reduce battery life.

In most cases, slow charging is more optimal. We are talking, of course, about Li-Ion batteries, which are used in most modern devices. We know, however, that sometimes we don't have enough time to connect our phone to the charger for two hours. Sporadic use of a powerful charger should not harm.

How long does it take to charge different devices?

Each charger supports its own levels amperage And voltage, resulting in longer or shorter charging times for devices. Much depends on the type of charger - whether it is a wall charger, a car charger or a plug-in cable laptop usb. Another variable is the battery capacity of the device being charged. When you add all these elements together, you can even predict the approximate charging time for your device.

Majority network chargers for mobile gadgets the voltage is 5V. The difference lies in the amperage, and the values ​​range from 1 to 2.1 A. The device with the highest amperage will charge faster. Remember, however, that high intensity may cause the battery to overheat. As a rule, both mobile devices and the chargers themselves have protection that turns off the current after the battery is fully charged, however, it is also worth remembering to turn off the phone after the energy level has been restored.

In case car chargers the range is certainly wider: voltage from 3.6 to 20 Volts and current from 0.7A to 4.8A. Remember, however, that more high values characterized by chargers designed for simultaneous charging of several devices. Thus, both the voltage and the current strength are “divided” into several ports - from 2 to 5. Which, however, allows for fairly fast charging.

Induction chargers allow you to use a voltage of 5-9 Volts and a current of 1-2A. In a word: they also provide relatively fast charging of devices.

Charging via USB(cable connected directly to the computer) is a slow option, but also the safest for your device. Of course, a lot depends on the USB standard: 2.0 provides a voltage of 5 Volts and a current of 0.5 A. In the case of USB 3.0 and 3.1, this is already 0.9 A. Latest standard USB-C provides current from 0.5A to 3A.

Fast charging technologies

Increasingly, you can find information about support in the characteristics of smartphones fast charging technologies. Most often they concern models that have high-capacity batteries and their charging in a standard way would be too long. These technologies allow you to quickly “recharge” the battery within a few or tens of minutes so that it lasts for several more hours of operation.

Advantages fast charging technologies:

• ability to charge the device in a short time
• adaptation for equipment with large battery capacity

Flaws fast charging technologies:

• Batteries that “don’t like” high-intensity charging wear out faster
• possibility of excessive heating of the smartphone and battery

QuickCharge is a technology developed by Qualcomm. Operation requires both a charger that supports this standard and a device compatible with it. All versions of QuickCharge technology are backward compatible. Devices compatible with the technology do not have to be equipped with a Qualcomm processor, because it is not the processor that is responsible for supporting this solution, but primarily an external controller.

The solution is based on applying high voltage and current to the power supply, which increases the charging power - for example, a 5V, 1A charger provides only 5W (watts) of power during charging. A charger with a voltage of 5V and a current of 2A provides twice as much power - up to 10 Watts.

As technology developed, it came to the point that the voltage could vary from 3.6 to 20 Volts, and the maximum power was increased to 18 Watts.

Quick Charge technology also takes into account characteristic features lithium batteries. This type of battery works well when it charges quickly at the beginning and then gradually reduces the charging current.

Adaptive Fast Charging works on a similar principle to Quick Charge. The charger provides the device with more current high voltage and strength. Thanks to this, the battery is charged in a shorter time.

The main idea of ​​this technology is to provide as much power as possible to the battery in the shortest possible time. This makes it enough to connect the charger for 10 minutes to top up the energy for the next few hours.

The charger adjusts settings to the device's needs and charging time and reduces power over time. Thanks to this, charging may take less or longer, but in each of these situations safety is ensured.

SuperCharge is a technology that has appeared in some Huawei devices. The point is that the charging process is controlled by the charger - thanks to this, the controller in the phone can be much simpler.

The charger provides the smartphone with a standard voltage of 5V and very high current - up to 4.5A. Because charging is managed by the charger, the phone does not generate excessive heat.

Many modern devices do not operate from the electrical network, but from a battery that stores energy. Cars, mobile phones, players, etc. are designed according to this principle. To service equipment they use different types chargers. They can be used for industrial purposes, as well as for servicing home portable devices.

Main types

There are different classifications of battery chargers. All of them are based on various parameters and properties of the devices. Depending on how they work, there are 2 types:

In addition, chargers are usually divided according to operating speed. . Taking this criterion into account, the following types are distinguished:

Pulse devices

These devices are designed to charge small household appliances. They are equipped with an electronic timer that can operate for 4 hours in fast charge mode. During this period, almost any discharged battery gains its capacity.

After this time, the device switches to mode pulse charging. Energy is supplied to the output elements of the device to maintain the charge level.

The advantages of such models are as follows:

1. Low cost.
2. Technical simplicity.
3. Ease of use.

Typically, manufacturers set the timer based on the fact that the battery is completely discharged. If it was partially discharged, then there is a risk of damage to the battery due to excess current. This feature does not apply to branded batteries. mobile phones, tablets and other digital equipment, unless they are charged using universal devices.

The most advanced types of chargers with microprocessors are considered to be the most advanced in their range. They do not allow the battery to be recharged, so they can be used to work with any devices, even if they are not completely, but partially discharged. The disadvantages of such models include a very high price.

It is highly undesirable to replace a proprietary device from a phone or PDA with a universal one, since they may have differences in the structure of the electrical connectors. When connecting any household appliance to charging, first plug in the charger itself, and then connect a phone or other device to it.

Car accessories

All charging devices car batteries It is customary to divide into several groups. Based on the existing classification, there are:

When choosing a charger for cars, you should consider some features of its operation. If possible, then it is better to give preference to the charging and starting option. Having such a device and an electrical outlet at hand, you can always start the car without waiting for the battery to be fully charged.

When buying a charger, it is better to choose a model that exceeds the battery requirements by about 10%. For those who are not strong in electrical engineering, an automatic model is more suitable - although it costs a little more, it will help to avoid unnecessary difficulties.

It is better to buy a device in trusted stores, giving preference to reliable manufacturers. Before using the device, be sure to read the instructions.

So you're considering buying a connected car - a great choice. However, you should analyze not only the usual purchase criteria, such as price, body features, power, efficiency, equipment and color, but also the question charging an electric car. When purchasing or the first thing a potential owner thinks about is how and with what help it will happen charger batteries . After all, even a person who is little informed about the capabilities of eco-cars understands perfectly well that an ordinary plug and socket are not enough for this.

Let's try to figure out which ones exist today, main types of chargers and connectors.

Chargers for electric vehicles are a priori different, unfortunately, following the example of mini-USB in the production of electric cars, there is no one yet (at at the moment implementation work is underway). There are 4 types of charging stations, which every driver or future owner of an electric vehicle should be aware of, and several types of connectors that are supplied with stations and models of electric vehicles.

Types of charging stations:

Mode 1

The least powerful type of charging, carried out primarily from household network. The charging interval for an electric vehicle using this method is approximately 12 hours. The process occurs without special equipment, using a standard socket and a special adapter AC. Today, this type is practically not used for charging production cars due to the low security of connections.

Mode 2

A standard type of AC charging station that can be used at home or used at gas stations. Used for charging electric vehicles of all types with traditional plug-in connectors with a protection system inside the cable. The duration of the process is about 6-8 hours with a battery capacity of 20-24 kWh.

Mode 3

The most powerful mode used in AC stations. Type 1 connectors are applicable to it - for single-phase and Type 2 - for three-phase networks.

Mode 4

A type of charging station that uses direct rather than alternating current. The power of such complexes is too high for some electric vehicles. For those that support this standard, the batteries are charged to 80% within 30 minutes. Similar charging complexes can be found in city parking lots and highways, although they are quite rare in Ukraine, since the arrangement of such a complex requires a separate power supply line high power. In addition, the price of this charging station is quite high.

Tesla Supercharger

Separately, it is worth noting the type, which differs from those indicated above in the isolation of use. These are not even charging stations, but energy superchargers that charge batteries to 50% of volume within 20 minutes, to 80% in 40 minutes and to 100% in 75 minutes. Tesla Superchargers provide high charging power of 135 kW DC(DC). The connectors of the station, depending on the region of use, vary in the shape of the connector; in the USA they have three connectors, in Europe there are five, which significantly complicates the operation of the company's electric vehicles imported from America to European countries.

Since changes are constantly being made to the characteristics of Mode 1-4, we offer a simpler classification of types of charging stations by charging power:

1. For household AC power supply 230 V up to 16 A (3.7 kW). They are often called cables because they have a small body.
2. For accelerated charging from AC 230 V/400 V from 16 A to 40 A (from 3.7 kW to 30 kW).
3. Fast charger or “Supercharger” - fast charging with direct current supplies power to the battery bypassing the inverter. This is a large-sized stationary equipment with a power from 10 kW to 400 kW.

Charging stations can also be classified according to the principle of use:

• Stations intended for permanent installation.
• For portable use in one or more places.
• Stations for portable and stationary use.

Classification of types of electric vehicle connectors

In addition to the operating modes of charging stations, you also need to know the types of connector connectors that are adapted to the operation of each of them.

Connector connector type Type 1 J1772

5-pin standard electric vehicle connector, typical for most American and Asian-made electric vehicles. The Type 1 connector is applicable for recharging an electric vehicle from charging complexes operating according to Mode 2, Mode 3 standards. Recharging occurs using a single-phase alternating current network with a maximum voltage of 230 V, a current of 32 A and a maximum power of 7.4 kW.

Type 2 (Mennekes)

The 7-pin connector is typical mainly for European electric vehicles, as well as for a number of Chinese cars have undergone adaptation. The peculiarity of the connector is the ability to use single-phase and three-phase networks, with a maximum voltage of 400 V, current of 63 A, and power of 43 kW. Typically 400V 32A ~ 22kW at three-phase connection and 230 V 32 A ~ 7.4 kW with single-phase connection. The connector allows the use of charging stations with operating modes Mode 2, Mode 3.

CHAdeMO

2-pin DC connector developed in collaboration with major Japanese automakers and TEPCO. Can be used to charge most Japanese, American and some European electric vehicles. Designed for use at powerful DC charging stations in Mode 4, allowing you to charge an electric vehicle battery up to 80% within 30 minutes (at a power of 50 kW). Designed for a maximum voltage of 500 V and a current of 125 A with a power of up to 62.5 kW, but narrower.

CCS Combo (Type 1/Type 2)

A combination connector type that allows you to use both slow and fast fast charging points. The connector's operation is possible thanks to inverter technology that converts direct current into alternating current. Vehicles with this type of connection they can accept charging speeds up to the maximum “fast” charging. CCS Combo connectors are not the same for Europe and the USA and Japan: for Europe they offer a Combo 2 connector compatible with Mennekes, and for the USA and Japan Combo 1 which is associated with J1772. Charging with the CSS Combo is rated at 200-500 V at 200 A and 100 kW. CSS Combo 2 is currently the most common connector type in fast charging stations in Europe, together with CHAdeMO.

GB/T

This standard is typical for cars made in China only and is often simply called GBT. Visually it is almost entirely reminiscent of the European Mennekes, but technically it is not comparable. There are two types of connectors for this standard, one for slow charging and the other for fast charging.

Below we provide an information table in which you can find data on the types of connectors for European and American electric vehicles popular in Ukraine. This information will help those who want to buy an electric car, but do not have full knowledge regarding charging electric vehicles.

We would like to remind you that for the convenience of using electric vehicles

All chargers can be divided into 3 types. The simplest are non-automatic devices with a mains power supply. This is a transformer type power supply. These chargers do not have battery protection circuits. They can be distinguished by their large size and weight. As for transformer chargers, they are very reliable and durable. But they are not so safe. They lead to overheating of the battery, as well as boiling of the electrolyte. As a result, and sometimes the battery cells are destroyed. Today, large transformer chargers are almost completely out of use.

Modern mobile devices, in addition to a convenient miniature power supply, have a simple and functional Android OS. Now on the Internet you can find many sites offering Android 236 games and a lot of different applications for work and entertainment. These games are perfect for smartphones and tablets, giving their users several hours of pleasantly spent leisure time.

Pulse chargers

Today, the most popular chargers are those designed for portable equipment. These are automatic pulse chargers with an electronic timer. At the same time, the charger timer can operate in fast charge mode for about four hours. During this period, a discharged battery is able to gain the bulk of its capacity. After this, the timer switches the charger to pulse charging mode. In this case, electrical energy is supplied in small portions to the terminals of the battery cells to maintain it in a charged state.

Chargers with a timer are simple and inexpensive. They are also very comfortable. However, they still need to be used with caution. Please note that the timer is set by the manufacturer for the period of charging a completely discharged battery. If you insert a partially discharged battery into the device socket, overcharging will occur, and as a result the battery may be damaged by excess current.
This rule does not apply to cellular devices, as well as PDAs, digital players and other equipment with a proprietary battery. But if you use universal chargers, then this rule should be taken into account.
Please note that a full discharge is very dangerous for any battery, and primarily for lithium-ion ones. They can even fail due to complete discharge. Please note that the device should be recharged from time to time when not in use.

The most advanced and versatile are microprocessor-controlled chargers. They can charge any battery.

They prevent overcharging of batteries. They can be used to charge any partially discharged batteries. But keep in mind that such chargers are very expensive.

It is not advisable to replace a branded cell phone charger with a universal one due to differences in electrical connectors and possible errors. Branded chargers are created specifically for a particular type of battery. So this should be taken into account.
How to properly connect the charger? In the case of cell phones The sequence is as follows - first you must connect the charger to the electrical network, after which the phone - to the charger. Otherwise, you may damage your phone.