Architecture of buildings and structures presentation. Architectural styles presentation of a lesson for an interactive whiteboard in English (grade 11) on the topic. Architecture and architects

As is known, architecture, along with the quality and manufacture of tools, painting and plastic arts, is the oldest of human skills. It is believed that the beginnings of architecture as an art arose during the period of primitive society. It was during the Neolithic era that man began to build the first dwellings using natural materials. As a field of art, architecture took shape in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and as an original art, it took shape by the 5th century. BC in ancient Greece.

Until the middle of the 12th century, being in synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative arts and occupying a dominant position among them, architecture determined the style, and its development proceeded from the “style of the era”, uniform for all types of art and for all its time, aesthetically subjugating science, worldview, philosophy, life and much more, to great styles and, finally, individual author's styles. The “style of the era” (Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance) arises mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is characterized by comparative inflexibility, when it still easily adapts to changes in style.

The great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, classicism, empire (a variation of late classicism) - are usually recognized as equal and equivalent. In fact, great styles cover sometimes a larger or sometimes smaller area of ​​culture, sometimes they are limited to individual arts, sometimes they subjugate all the arts or even all the main aspects of culture - they are reflected in science, theology, and everyday life. They can be determined either by a wider or less broad social environment, or by a more significant or less significant ideology. At the same time, none of the great styles completely determined the cultural face of the era and country.

The development of styles is asymmetrical, which is externally expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex, but from complex to simple it returns only as a result of some leap. Therefore, style changes occur in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex and abruptly - from complex to simple. The Romanesque style was replaced by the Gothic for more than a hundred years - from the middle of the 12th century. until the middle of the 13th century. The simple forms of Romanesque architecture gradually transform into a complex Gothic style. The Romanesque and Gothic styles are closely related in their development, and the most creative period in the development of these styles is the first. It was in the Romanesque period that technical inventions were created and the connection with philosophy and theology was clear, i.e. ideological basis of style. Gothic is much less ideologically defined. Her aspiration upward can express the religiosity of Catholicism and heresies. Romanesque style Gothic style

Within the Gothic, the Renaissance then matures. Elements of the liberation of the individual, so far within the limits of religion, are already evident in Gothic, especially late. And, nevertheless, Gothic and Revival are sharply different styles. What matured in Gothic then required a sharp change in the entire system of style. New content exploded the old form and brought to life a new style - Renaissance (or revival). Renaissance With the emergence of the Renaissance, a period of ideological quest begins again, the emergence of an integral system of worldview. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again. The Renaissance becomes more complex, and behind it is the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, turns into rococo in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art, literature). Then again there is a return to the simple and, as a result of the leap, classicism comes to replace Baroque, the development of which in some countries was completed by the Empire style. baroquecorocococlassicismampire

ROMAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art of the 10th-11th centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially strong and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle, becomes the tower - the donjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, composed of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinctive element of the building's roof is the semicircular arch

GOTHIC From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was introduced by Renaissance humanists who wanted to emphasize the “barbaric” character of all medieval art; in reality, the Gothic style had nothing in common with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strong influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But Gothic art developed under new conditions, the main one of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture became the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which was made possible thanks to a system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the vault to external pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized the rush to heaven; Its rich decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained glass windows - should have served the same purpose.

REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the 15th century. In Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French revival) based on the ideologies of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., the personality of the architect in the modern sense of the word took shape for the first time, as opposed to the dependence of the medieval architect on the mason guild. There are early and high R.; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy creatively rethought the ancient order system, which introduced proportionality, clarity of composition and convenience into the appearance of the building.

BAROQUE A style in art that developed in European countries in the 16th-17th centuries (in some countries - until the middle of the 18th century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - bizarre, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is what Dutch sailors called rejected pearls. For a long time, baroque tin carried a negative assessment. In the 19th century. the attitude towards the Baroque changed, which was facilitated by the work of the German scientist Wölfflin.

ROCOCO The name of the style, which developed mainly in France in the 18th century, is taken from German language. The French name comes from the word rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was the decorative motifs in the form of a shell. R. arose mainly as a decorative style associated with court festivities and entertainment of the aristocracy. The sphere of distribution of art was narrow; it had no folk roots and could not become a truly national style. Playfulness, light entertainment, and whimsical grace are traits characteristic of R. and especially reflected in the ornamental and decorative interpretation of architecture and applied arts. The ornamentation consisted of intricately intertwined garlands of shells, flowers, and curls. Manly curved lines mask the construction of knowledge. Basically, R. manifested itself in the design of the interiors of buildings rather than their exteriors. R. is characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, as well as fine detailing of form, a rich and at the same time balanced structure of decor in interiors, a combination of bright and pure tones of color with white and gold, a contrast between severity appearance buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration. The art of R. is dominated by a graceful, whimsical, ornamental rhythm. The R. style, which became widespread at the court of Louis XV (the work of architects J.M. Oppenort, J.O Meyssonnier, and G.J. Boffrand), until the middle. XIX. called the "Louis XV style".

CLASSICISM A style in European art of the 17th and early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as the norm and ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually there are two periods in the development of culture. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The 18th century is considered a new stage in its development, since at that time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of ​​a reasonable pattern of the world, of a beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express great social content, sublime heroic and moral ideals. Kazakh architecture is characterized by rigor of form, clarity of spatial design, geometric interiors, soft colors, and laconicism of the exterior and interior decoration of buildings. Unlike Baroque buildings, K.'s masters never created spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in park architecture, the so-called regular style is emerging, where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Garden and park ensemble of Versailles.)

EMPIRE The name comes from the French empire - imperial. A style that arose in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic completion of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of the composition. A. originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. during the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the Napoleonic Empire, art was supposed to glorify the military successes and virtues of the ruler. This is where the passion for building various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, and obelisks comes from. Important elements Porticoes become decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of lampshades and alcoves are often used in interior decoration. A. sought to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the 18th century The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman peripterus, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was characterized by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on Place des Stars in Paris (architect Chalgrin). The memorial Column Vendôme (Column of the Grande Armée), erected by Leper and Gondoin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of the victorious war. A.'s style did not develop for long; it was replaced by the time of eclecticism.

Presentation on the topic "Architecture" in fine arts in powerpoint format. A voluminous presentation for schoolchildren contains 50 slides and talks about architecture from ancient times to the present. Presentation author: Elena Lipovskaya, 11th grade student.

Fragments from the presentation

The concept of "Architecture"

The word "architecture" comes from the Greek word "architecton", which means "master builder". Architecture is the art of construction, a type of creativity that shapes reality according to the laws of beauty. Architecture expresses the character of the era. It is influenced by social factors: the nature of the social structure, the dominant ideology. At all times and among all peoples there have been special ideas about the beauty and artistic harmony of architectural style.

Antique architecture

• ancient period;
• archaic period;
• classical period;
• Hellenic period.

Greek architecture

• At the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Representatives of other Greek tribes came to the Peloponnesian Peninsula - the Dorians, Ionians and Aeolians. The country in which they found themselves abounded in materials - clay suitable for firing, wood, but above all stone, from coarse limestone to fine-grained marble. In these territories with an indented seashore, city-states were formed that zealously defended their independence. Citizens prioritized the prosperity of the state and increasing its well-being, erecting public buildings and installing statues.
• Greek architecture was temple architecture. The Greek temple served exclusively as a room for the statue of the deity. It originated from the Mycenaean megaron. The Greek temple became the main type of public building.

Temples of Greece

• The Greeks imagined their gods as anthropomorphic beings, immortal and more powerful than ordinary men and women, but the interests, passions and weaknesses of the gods were completely “human” in nature.
• Being the home of a deity, the temple had to have a clear and rationally constructed form. The prostyle, where a portico with free-standing columns was placed in front of the temple in anta, and the amphiprostyle, in which such porticos were located at both ends, had complex architectural structures.
• In larger temples, a colonnade was added to one of the listed architectural forms, surrounding the building on four sides.

Temple of Hera

One of the earliest temple buildings known to us was the Temple of Hera at Olympia. But in its place only marble architectural details and fragments were found, but it is known that the original columns were wooden, and there is evidence that the replacement of wood with marble was carried out gradually, as the wooden parts of the building rotted, losing their strength. However, the rather heavy proportions of the most ancient marble columns that have survived to this day indicate an understanding of their role in the work of the stone structure. Craftsmen polished every detail until centuries of experimentation led to the sophistication and perfection of the Parthenon.

Parthenon

The undeniable simplicity and design of the Parthenon delights everyone. This world-famous building, full of beauty and harmony, is actually the Temple of the Virgin (Parthena in Greek) of Athena. It is built in the Doric style from marble quarried from Mount Pendeli, on the same spot where its two predecessors stood. The Parthenon took 15 years to build (447-432 BC). The delicate balance of the Parthenon's white columns against the blue sky has delighted generations and generations, and serves as an eternal symbol of the soul and genius of humanity.

Acropolis

No one and nothing can resist the beauty of the Acropolis - the 156-meter limestone rock, the graceful crown of the city of Athens. Archaeological excavations on the slope and top of the Acropolis have revealed to us that this Sacred Rock was first inhabited in the Neolithic period, 6000 years ago. First The stone temple was built on the Acropolis in the early 6th century BC. , replacing the wooden one, and it served the cult of the Goddess Athena. Some sculptures from its pediment are housed in the Acropolis Museum. During the Persian Wars, the Acropolis was sacked (480-479 BC). The luxurious monuments that we see today date back to the great era when the reconstruction of the sanctuaries took place under the leadership of Pericles (460-429 BC). From this time and throughout the Middle Ages, the Acropolis remained untouched, and only in 1687 some buildings were partially destroyed.

Ancient Rome

• The architecture of Ancient Rome is divided into several periods:
• Republican period (V - I centuries BC);
• Imperial period (31 BC - 5th century AD);
• The time of Emperor Constantine (306-337 AD).

Pantheon

• PANTHEON (Greek temple dedicated to all gods), the only one preserved in Rome (43 m high), the greatest ancient domed structure. The Pantheon was built in 115-125. under Hadrian on the site of a similar temple of 27 BC, erected by Agrippa, but destroyed in 110 by a lightning strike. From the 7th century is in the possession of the pope and is a Christian church (Santa Maria Rotunda). It contains, among others, the tomb of Raphael. In honor of the Pantheon in 1791 classic church of St. Genevieve, patroness of Paris, was renamed the French Pantheon (since then - a temple of honor). It got its name because, along with the statues of Mars and Venus, statues of many other gods were installed there. Among the gods a statue of the deified Julius Caesar, Augustus, and Agrippa was placed.
• The sculptor Diogenes from Athens and, undoubtedly, other Greek sculptors and architects participated in the construction work. The Pantheon was erected as a temple to the gods of the house of Julia (and they, in addition to Mars and Venus, were almost all the Roman gods). After the Forum and the Colosseum, the most majestic monument of Roman architecture and the only ancient Roman temple whose walls and vaults remained intact is the PANTHEON.

Coliseum

In the 70-90s. AD The largest amphitheater of ancient Rome was built - an oval-shaped Colosseum, designed for 56 thousand spectators. Its diameters are 188 and 156 m, height 48.5 m. The architectural system of the Colosseum consists of three tiers of brick-concrete supports supporting marble-lined seats for spectators. The galleries of the two lower tiers are traditional cylindrical vaults; the third tier, built later, uses cross vaults formed by the intersection of two cylindrical vaults. The wall is completed with a high attic - the wall above the crowning cornice. The giant travertine-clad surface of the Colosseum walls gave the impression of power and strength.

Volkov Alexander and Raschetin Gennady

A presentation on the topic “Computer Architecture” was prepared by Alexander Volkov and Gennady Raschetin to help the teacher. We tested this work in computer science lessons. The computer structure is described in great detail and clearly, which helps students more easily perceive information on this topic.

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Computer architecture Performers: students of State Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 684 of Moscow Alexander Volkov and Gennady Raschetin Supervisor: computer science teacher Demyashkevich Nadezhda Semenovna

Architecture: Motherboard Case Drives (CD, DVD) Hard drive Mouse Keyboard Monitor Peripherals Authors Power supply History

Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer. The RAM, video card, processor, and fan are attached to it. It also contains a BIOS chip and a battery for its operation. To the details

Random access memory Random access memory is a volatile part of the computer memory system that temporarily stores data and instructions that the processor needs to perform an operation. To the details

Video card A video card is a device that converts a graphic image stored as the contents of the computer memory or the adapter itself into another form intended for further display on the monitor screen. Currently, this function has lost its main meaning and, first of all, a graphics adapter is understood as a device with a graphics processor - a graphics accelerator, which is responsible for the formation of the graphic image itself. To the details

Processor Central processing unit- electronic unit or a microcircuit - the executor of machine instructions (program code), the main part of the computer hardware or programmable logic controller. Sometimes called a microprocessor or simply a processor. To the details

Fan Cooler (eng. cooler - cooler) - as applied to computer topics - a slang computer name for a device - a combination of a fan and a radiator installed on electronic components of a computer with increased heat generation (usually more than 5 W): central processor, graphics processor, chipset chips, power unit. To the details

Disk drive A disk drive is a computer device that allows you to read/write information on storage media. The main purpose of a disk drive, within the framework of the memory hierarchy concept, is to organize long-term memory. To the details

Peripherals To parts

Hard drive A hard drive, in computer slang “winchester”, “screw” is an information storage device based on the principle of magnetic recording. It is the main data storage device in most computers. To the details

Mouse Manipulator "mouse" (simply "mouse" or "mouse") - a manipulator that transforms mechanical movements to the movement of the cursor on the screen. To details Ball Optical Wireless

Keyboard To the details A keyboard is a device that is a set of buttons (keys) designed to control a device or to enter information. As a rule, buttons are pressed with your fingers. However, there are also sensory ones. Wired Wireless Touch

Monitor A monitor is a device for displaying images generated by other devices (for example, computers). To parts CRT monitor LCD monitor Touch monitor

Acoustic system An acoustic system is a loudspeaker intended for use as a functional unit in household radio-electronic equipment, has high performance sound reproduction.

Printer Printer (from the English print - seal) is a computer peripheral device designed to transfer text or graphics to physical media from electronic form. Inkjet Laser

An image scanner is a device for reading a two-dimensional (flat) image and presenting it in raster electronic form. After this, software processing of the received data is possible for the purpose of recognizing scanned text or vectorizing graphics. Scanner

Webcam A webcam is a digital video or photo camera capable of recording images in real time for further transmission over the Internet (in programs such as Skype, Instant Messenger or any other video application).

Computer power supply is a secondary power source designed to supply computer components with electrical energy DC, as well as converting mains voltage to specified values. power unit

History of the computer In the first half of the 19th century. English mathematician Charles Babbage tried to build a universal computing device, that is, a computer (Babbage called it the Analytical Engine). It was Babbage who first came up with the idea that a computer should contain memory and be controlled by a program. In the 40s of the XX century. Several groups of researchers at once repeated Babbage’s attempt based on the technology of the 20th century. - electromechanical relays. The first of these was the German engineer Konrad Zuse, who in 1941 built a small computer based on several electromechanical relays. And in the USA in 1943, at one of the IBM enterprises, the American Howard Aiken created a more powerful computer called “Mark-1”. However, electromechanical relays operate very slowly and are not reliable enough. Therefore, starting in 1943 in the USA, a group of specialists led by John Mauchly and Presper Eckert began to construct an ENIAC computer based on vacuum tubes. The computer they created worked a thousand times faster than Mark-1.

To simplify and speed up the process of setting programs, Mauchly and Eckert began to design a new computer that could store a program in its memory. In 1945, the famous mathematician John von Neumann was brought in to work. After the advent of transistors, the most labor-intensive operation in computer manufacturing was connecting and soldering transistors to create electronic circuits. But in 1959, Robert Noyce (the future founder of Intel) invented a method that makes it possible to create transistors and all the necessary connections between them on one silicon wafer. Received electronic circuits became known as integrated circuits, or chips. In 1968, Burroughs released the first integrated circuit computer, and in 1970, Intel began selling memory integrated circuits. In 1974, several companies announced the creation of a personal computer based on the Intel-8008 microprocessor. In early 1975, the first commercially distributed personal computer Altair-8800 based on the Intel-8080 microprocessor.

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Architecture is not a fine art, but a creative one. It does not depict objects, but creates them. Andrey Burov is a Soviet architect, engineer-inventor.

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THE WORD “ARCHITECTURE” COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD “ARCHITECTON”, WHICH MEANS “MASTER BUILDER”. ARCHITECTURE IS A CONSTRUCTION ART, A KIND OF CREATIVITY THAT FORMS REALITY ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF BEAUTY.

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Architecture styles Primitive architecture. Antique architecture. VIII century BC e. - V century AD e. Romanesque style. X-XII centuries. Gothic. XII-XV centuries. Revival. Beginning of the 15th - beginning of the 17th century. Baroque. The end of the 16th - the end of the 18th century. Rococo. Beginning of the 18th - end of the 18th century. Classicism. Mid-18th - 19th centuries. Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s. Modern. 1890s - 1910s. Modernism. Early 1900s - 1980s. Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s. Postmodernism. Since the middle of the 20th century. Hi-tech. Since the late 1970s. Deconstructivism. Since the late 1980s. Dynamic architecture. Since the beginning of the 21st century.

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Primitive architecture Primitive architecture is inextricably linked with three eras: Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. Accordingly, the Paleolithic is the Old Stone Age, the Mesolithic is the Middle Age, and the Neolithic is the New Stone Age.

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Romanesque style Style of the VIV-XIII centuries. The main role was given to harsh, fortress architecture. Monasteries, churches, castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. The original prototype of the churches were Roman basilicas, but they were significantly modified: for example, the flat ceiling was replaced by a vault. Churches were decorated with paintings and reliefs, in conventional forms expressing the frightening power of God. But images of animals and plants go back to folk art. Magnificent examples of Romanesque architecture include the Cathedral in Pisa and the Church of St. Miniatas in Florence. There are many excellent examples of this style in France and Germany (for example, the cathedral in Bamberg).

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Gothic Style 12-16 centuries. It reflected the formation of national states, the strengthening of cities, the development of trade and crafts. The leading architectural type is the city cathedral. The frame system made it possible to create cathedral interiors of unprecedented height and spaciousness, and to cut through the walls with huge windows with multi-colored bends. The upward thrust of the cathedral is expressed by giant openwork towers, lancet windows and portals, curved statues, and complex ornaments. Town halls, as well as residential buildings, shopping arcades and other structures were built in the same style. In Gothic we see an increased interest in the real world, nature, and the richness of experiences.

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Renaissance style Renaissance is a period of history from the 14th to the 17th centuries. Characterized by a humanistic worldview and an appeal to the cultural heritage of antiquity. However, ancient culture developed and was interpreted in a new way. In architecture, secular buildings began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of walls, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects gave their buildings majestic clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. The buildings are characterized by clarity of structure and clear division of strict volumes and light, spacious interiors.

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Baroque One of the main styles of the 16th - 18th centuries. It is associated with the noble-church culture of mature absolutism. It reflected ideas about the complexity, diversity, and variability of the world. Characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism, a desire for grandeur and splendor, for a combination of reality and illusion. Architecture is characterized by spatial scope, unity, and fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms.

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Rococo Style, early 18th century. Characterized by a departure from life into the world of fantasy and mythology. A particularly characteristic motif of the ornament is a stylized shell (rocaille). A graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates. The buildings are distinguished by their sophistication, decorative beauty of asymmetrical compositions, and comfort. Lush interior design can be combined with the relative severity of the external appearance of buildings (for example, in the architecture of French hotels).

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Classicism Style 17th - 19th centuries. It developed in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. In the 18th century he was associated with the bourgeois Enlightenment. The ancient heritage is considered as the norm and an ideal example. The architecture is characterized by clarity and geometric shapes, logical planning, a combination of walls with orders, and restrained decor. The basis of the architectural language is the order, in proportions and forms closer to antiquity than in the architecture of previous eras. The interior is characterized by clarity of spatial divisions and softness of colors. Perspective effects are widely used in monumental and decorative painting.

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Art Nouveau Style of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Art Nouveau architecture sought the unity of constructive and artistic principles. New ones are used technical means, new materials (for example, reinforced concrete), free, functionally based layout, decorative rhythm of flexible flowing lines, stylized floral patterns, especially from aquatic plants. The buildings are emphatically individualized, all their elements are subject to a single ornamental rhythm and figurative and symbolic design.

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Hi-tech. Since the late 1970s. High-tech is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of late modernism in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s. The main theorists and practitioners of high-tech are mainly English - Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Nicholas Grimshaw, at some stage of their work James Stirling and the Italian Renzo Piano. High-tech, according to the classification of Charles Jencks, belongs to late modernism, that is, it is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of ​​the architect as an elite professional, the provision of services by architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti- historicity, monumentality.

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